Competitive Robotics in WV reaches all-time high

FAIRMONT – Competitive Robotics in West Virginia has reached an all-time high with more teams across the state than ever before.

The West Virginia Robotics Alliance, managed by the Education Resource Center (ERC) team at the NASA Katherine Johnson IV&V Facility, released new data for the 2023-24 Robotics Season that shows a peak in the number of teams and steady growth over the last several years.

“The ERC assumed management of the FIRST LEGO League tournament in 2011 when we had barely 50 teams in West Virginia,” ERC Program Manager Dr. Todd Ensign said. “Today, there are over 550 teams that engage approximately 3,000 students almost daily!”

According to the data, the overall number of robotics teams in the state has risen every year since 2011 – with one exception during the 2020-21 season when the COVID-19 pandemic impacted participation.

The ERC now runs qualifying events every weekend, numerous state championships, invitational tournaments, and international competitions. Ensign and many other figures within the ERC and Robotics Alliance have championed robotics events and opportunities for students across the state, including in some of its most rural communities, to help reach this point.

“This is indeed an achievement on behalf of the students, coaches, parents, schools and districts who are supporting competitive robotics,” Ensign said.

With such exponential growth, Ensign says more volunteers are needed to support current and future events. Positions are available for people of all ages and levels of prior experience. To learn more about how to volunteer, visit https://www.wvrobot.org/volunteer.

A major development in West Virginia’s robotics landscape came in 2021 when the West Virginia Secondary Schools Activities Commission (WVSSAC) recognized robotics as a co-curricular activity. This update made it possible for students to receive a varsity letter in robotics, gaining recognition similar to those earned in marching band or other sports.

When the WVSSAC recognition was announced, many at the ERC had high hopes for what it would mean to further STEM and robotics in West Virginia.

“We hope recognition from the WVSSAC will increase the number of schools throughout West Virginia participating in competitive robotics,” John Holbrook, of the ERC, said at the time. “Ultimately, our goal is to see robotics teams from every county of West Virginia.”

And with the new milestone reached in participation, those goals are closer than ever before. Many events are upcoming as the 2023-24 robotics season continues, including what is set to be the largest VEX State Championship in West Virginia history, March 10-16, at the Fairmont State University Falcon Center and the WVSSAC Robotics State Championship, April 6, at Herbert Hoover High School, in Elkview, West Virginia.

For a full list of upcoming events: WV Robotics Alliance – Upcoming Events

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Michael Asbury

The CUTE Mission: Innovative Design Enables Observations of Extreme Exoplanets from a Small Package

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The CUTE Mission: Innovative Design Enables Observations of Extreme Exoplanets from a Small Package

Of the approximately 5,500 exoplanets discovered to date, many have been found to orbit very close to their parent stars. These close-in planets provide a unique opportunity to observe in detail the phenomena critical to the development and evolution of our own solar system, including atmospheric mass loss and interactions with the host star. NASA’s Colorado Ultraviolet Transit Experiment (CUTE) mission, launched in September 2021, employed a new design that enabled exploration of these processes using a small spacecraft for the first time. CUTE provides unique spectral diagnostics that trace the escaping atmospheres of close-in, ultra-hot, giant planets. In addition, CUTE’s dedicated mission architecture enables the survey duration required to characterize atmospheric structure and variability on these worlds.

Atmospheric escape is a fundamental process that affects the structure, composition, and evolution of many planets. It has operated on all of the terrestrial planets in our solar system and likely drives the demographics of the short-period planet population characterized by NASA’s Kepler mission. In fact, atmospheric escape ultimately may be the determining factor when predicting the habitability of temperate, terrestrial exoplanets. Escaping exoplanet atmospheres were first observed in the hydrogen Lyman-alpha line (121nm) in 2003. However, contamination by neutral hydrogen in both the intervening interstellar medium and Earth’s upper atmosphere makes obtaining high-quality Lyman-alpha transit measurements for most exoplanets very challenging. By contrast, a host star’s near-ultraviolet (NUV; 250 – 350 nm) flux is two to three orders of magnitude higher than Lyman-alpha, and transit light curves can be measured against a smoother stellar surface intensity distribution.

This knowledge motivated a team led by Dr. Kevin France at the University of Colorado Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics to design the CUTE mission (Fig 2). The team proposed the CUTE concept to NASA through the ROSES/Astrophysics Research and Analysis (APRA) Program in February 2016 and NASA funded the project in July 2017. The CUTE instrument pioneered use of two technologies on a small space mission: a novel, rectangular Cassegrain telescope (20cm × 8cm primary mirror) and a miniature, low-resolution spectrograph operating from approximately 250 – 330 nm. The rectangular telescope was fabricated to accommodate the unique instrument volume of the 6U CubeSat form factor, an adaptation that delivers approximately three times the collecting area of a traditional, circular aperture telescope.  The compact spectrograph meets the spectral resolution requirements of the mission while using scaled down component technology adapted from the Hubble Space Telescope.

This novel instrument design enables CUTE to measure NUV with similar precision as larger missions even in the more challenging thermal and pointing environment experienced by a CubeSat. In addition, the CUTE instrument’s NUV bandpass enables it to measure iron and magnesium ions from highly extended atmospheric layers that ground-based instruments cannot access. The CUTE science instrument is incorporated into a 6U Blue Canyon Technologies spacecraft bus that provides power, command and data handling, attitude control, and communications. This CubeSat platform enables CUTE to observe numerous transits of a given planet. The spectrogram from the CUTE instrument is recorded on a UV-optimized commercial off-the-shelf charge-coupled device (CCD), onboard data processing is performed, and data products are relayed to a ground station at the University of Colorado.

CUTE was launched as a secondary payload on NASA’s LANDSAT-9 mission on September 27, 2021 into a Sun-synchronous orbit with a 560 km apogee. CUTE deployed from the payload dispenser (Fig 3) approximately two hours after launch and then deployed its solar arrays. Spacecraft beacon signals were identified by the amateur radio community on the first orbit and communications were established with the ground station at the University of Colorado the following day. On-orbit commissioning of the spacecraft and instrument concluded in February 2022 and the mission has been conducting science operations since that time.

As of February 2024, CUTE is actively acquiring science and calibration data (Fig 4), and has observed between 6 and 11 transits of seven different exoplanetary systems. Data downlink efficiency is the primary factor limiting the number of targets observed over the course of the mission. CUTE light curves and transit spectroscopy are revealing extended NUV atmospheres on some planets (Fig 5) and potential time variability in the atmospheric transmission spectra of others. For example, observations of the ultra-hot exoplanet, Jupiter WASP-189b, indicate a highly extended atmosphere. Magnesium ions are observed to be gravitationally unbound from the planet, which is evidence for active escape of heavy elements in this system. CUTE data are being archived by the NASA Exoplanet Science Institute (NExScI).

CUTE successfully demonstrated the use of a non-circular telescope and miniature spectrograph design for small space missions, an approach that has been subsequently adopted by several NASA and international mission designs, including NASA’s new Monitoring Activity from Nearby sTars with uv Imaging and Spectroscopy (MANTIS) mission. CUTE’s demonstration of sub-1% NUV precision has shown that the precision achieved by large UV astronomy missions can also be achieved by a CubeSat. In addition, student training and early-career mentorship have been key ingredients to CUTE’s mission success. So far, over 20 early career students and professionals have trained and participated in CUTE activities—ranging from science to engineering to operations.

PROJECT LEAD

Professor Kevin France, Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics/University of Colorado

SPONSORING ORGANIZATION

Astrophysics Division Astrophysics Research and Analysis Program

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Groundbreaking Results from Space Station Science in 2023

Lee esta historia en español aquí.

The International Space Station is a microgravity research lab hosting groundbreaking technology demonstrations and scientific investigations. More than 3,700 investigations conducted to date have generated roughly 500 research articles published in scientific journals. In 2023, the orbiting lab hosted more than 500 investigations.

See more space station research achievements and findings in the Annual Highlights of Results publication, and read highlights of results published between October 2022 and October 2023 below:

A New Spin on Pulsars

Neutron stars, ultra-dense matter left behind when massive stars explode as supernovas, are also called pulsars because they spin and emit X-ray radiation in beams that sweep the sky like lighthouses. The Neutron star Interior Composition Explorer (NICER) collects this radiation to study the structure, dynamics, and energetics of pulsars. Researchers used NICER data to calculate rotations of six pulsars and update mathematical models of their spin properties. Precise measurements enhance the understanding of pulsars, including their production of gravitational waves, and help address fundamental questions about matter and gravity.

Learning from Lightning

Atmosphere-Space Interactions Monitor (ASIM) studies how upper-atmospheric electrical discharges generated by severe thunderstorms affect Earth’s atmosphere and climate. These events occur well above the altitudes of normal lightning and storm clouds. Using ASIM data, researchers reported the first detailed observations of  development of a of negative leader, or initiation of a flash, from in-cloud lightning. Understanding how thunderstorms disturb the high-altitude atmosphere could improve atmospheric models and climate and weather predictions.

Regenerating Tissue in Space

Tissue Regeneration-Bone Defect (Rodent Research-4 (CASIS)), sponsored by the ISS National Lab, examined wound healing mechanisms in microgravity. Researchers found that microgravity affected the fibrous and cellular components of skin tissue. Fibrous structures in connective tissue provide structure and protection for the body’s organs. This finding is an initial step to use connective tissue regeneration to treat disease and injuries for future space explorers.

Mighty Muscles in Microgravity

JAXA (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency) developed the Multiple Artificial-gravity Research System (MARS), which generates artificial gravity in space. Three JAXA investigations, MHU-1, MHU-4, and MHU-5, used the artificial-gravity system to examine the effect on skeletal muscles from different gravitation loads – microgravity, lunar gravity (1/6 g), and Earth gravity (1 g). Results show that lunar gravity protects against loss of some muscle fibers but not others. Different gravitational levels may be needed to support muscle adaptation on future missions.

Better Ultrasound Images

Vascular Echo, an investigation from CSA (Canadian Space Agency), examined changes in blood vessels and the heart during and after spaceflight using ultrasound and other measures. Researchers compared 2D ultrasound technology with a motorized 3D ultrasound and found that 3D is more accurate. Better measurements could help maintain crew health in space and quality of life for people on Earth.

This is Your Brain in Space

The Brain-DTI investigation from ESA (European Space Agency) tested whether the brain adapts to weightlessness by using previously untapped connections between neurons. MRI scans of crew members before and after spaceflight demonstrate functional changes in specific brain regions, confirming the adaptability and plasticity of the brain under extreme conditions. This insight supports the development of ways to monitor brain adaptations and countermeasures to promote healthy brain function in space and for those with brain-related disorders on Earth.

Improving Solar Materials

Metal halide perovskite (MHP) materials convert sunlight into electrical energy and show promise for use in thin-film solar cells in space due to low cost, high performance, suitability for in-space manufacturing, and defect and radiation tolerance. For Materials International Space Station Experiment-13-NASA (MISSE-13-NASA), which continues a series investigating how space affects various materials, researchers exposed perovskite thin films to space for ten months. Results confirmed their durability and stability in this environment. This finding could lead to improvements in MHP materials and devices for space applications such as solar panels.

Understanding Bubbles in Foams

Wet foams are dispersions of gas bubbles in a liquid matrix. An ESA investigation, FSL Soft Matter Dynamics or FOAM, examines coarsening, a thermodynamic process where large bubbles grow at the expense of smaller ones. Researchers determined the coarsening rates for various types of foams and found close agreement with theoretical predictions. A better understanding of foam properties could help scientists improve these substances for a variety of uses, including firefighting and water treatment in space and making detergents, food, and medicine on Earth.

Answering Burning Questions

Fire is a constant concern in space. The Saffire series of experiments studies flame conditions in microgravity using empty Cygnus resupply spacecraft that have undocked from the space station. Saffire-IV examined fire growth with different materials and conditions and showed that a technique called color pyrometry can determine the temperature of a spreading flame. The finding helps validate numerical models of flame properties in microgravity and provides insight into fire safety on future missions.

The Robot Hop

Astrobatics tests robotic movement using hopping or self-toss maneuvers by the station’s Astrobee robots. In low gravity, robots could move faster, use less fuel, and cover otherwise impassable terrain with these maneuvers, expanding their orbital and planetary capabilities. Results verified the viability of the locomotion method and showed that it provides a greater range of distance. The work is a step toward autonomous robotic helpers in space and on other celestial bodies, potentially reducing the need to expose astronauts to risky environments.

Melissa Gaskill
International Space Station Program Research Office
Johnson Space Center

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Ana Guzman

Resultados científicos revolucionarios en la estación espacial de 2023

Read the article in English here.

La Estación Espacial Internacional (EEI) es un laboratorio de investigación en microgravedad que alberga innovadoras demostraciones de tecnología e investigaciones científicas. Las más de 3.700 investigaciones llevadas a cabo hasta la fecha han producido alrededor de 500 artículos publicados en revistas científicas. En 2023, este laboratorio orbital albergó más de 500 investigaciones.

Conoce más logros y hallazgos de las investigaciones en la estación espacial en la publicación Resultados anuales sobresalientes de la Estación Espacial Internacional (en inglés), y lee a continuación sobre los aspectos más destacados de los resultados publicados entre octubre de 2022 y octubre de 2023:

Nueva perspectiva sobre los púlsares

Las estrellas de neutrones, la materia ultradensa que queda cuando las estrellas masivas explotan como supernovas, también son llamadas púlsares porque giran y emiten radiaciones de rayos X en forma de haces que barren el cielo como faros. El Explorador de la Composición Interior de las Estrellas de Neutrones (NICER, por sus siglas en inglés) recoge esta radiación para estudiar la estructura, la dinámica y la energía de los púlsares. Los investigadores utilizaron los datos de NICER para calcular la rotación de seis púlsares y actualizar los modelos matemáticos de las propiedades de su rotación. Las mediciones precisas mejoran nuestra comprensión de los púlsares, incluyendo su producción de ondas gravitacionales, y ayudan a abordar preguntas fundamentales acerca de la materia y la gravedad.

Aprender acerca de los relámpagos

El Monitor de Interacciones Atmósfera-Espacio (ASIM, por sus siglas en inglés) estudia de qué modo la atmósfera y el clima de la Tierra afectan las descargas eléctricas de la atmósfera superior que son producidas por tormentas eléctricas severas. Estos fenómenos ocurren muy por encima de las altitudes normales de los relámpagos y las nubes de tormenta. Utilizando los datos de ASIM, los investigadores realizaron las primeras observaciones detalladas del desarrollo de un líder negativo, o el inicio de un destello, a partir de un relámpago en una nube. Comprender de qué modo las tormentas eléctricas perturban la atmósfera a gran altitud podría mejorar los modelos atmosféricos y las predicciones climáticas y meteorológicas.

Regeneración de tejidos en el espacio

La investigación Regeneración de tejidos – Defectos óseos (Investigación en Roedores 4, Centro para el Avance de la Ciencia en el Espacio, o CASIS), patrocinada por el Laboratorio Nacional de la EEI, examinó los mecanismos de cicatrización de las heridas en microgravedad. Los investigadores descubrieron que la microgravedad afectaba a los componentes fibrosos y celulares del tejido cutáneo. Las estructuras fibrosas en el tejido conectivo proporcionan estructura y protección a los órganos del cuerpo. Este hallazgo es un paso inicial en la utilización de la regeneración del tejido conectivo para el tratamiento de enfermedades y lesiones en los futuros exploradores espaciales.

Músculos poderosos en microgravedad

La JAXA (Agencia Japonesa de Exploración Aeroespacial) desarrolló el Sistema Múltiple de Investigación de Gravedad Artificial (MARS, por sus siglas en inglés), el cual genera gravedad artificial en el espacio. Tres investigaciones de la JAXA, MHU-1, MHU-4 y MHU-5, emplearon el sistema de gravedad artificial para examinar el efecto en los músculos esqueléticos que producen diferentes cargas gravitatorias: microgravedad, gravedad lunar (1/6 g) y gravedad terrestre (1 g). Los resultados muestran que la gravedad lunar protege contra la pérdida de algunas fibras musculares, pero no de otras. Es posible que se necesiten diferentes niveles gravitacionales para sustentar la adaptación muscular en las misiones futuras.

Mejores imágenes de ultrasonido

Eco vascular, una investigación de la CSA (Agencia Espacial Canadiense), examinó los cambios que se producen en los vasos sanguíneos y el corazón durante y después de los vuelos espaciales, utilizando ultrasonido y otros métodos de obtención de medidas. Los investigadores compararon la tecnología de ultrasonido 2D con un ultrasonido 3D motorizado, y descubrieron que el 3D es más preciso. Mejores mediciones podrían ayudar a mantener saludable a la tripulación en el espacio y la calidad de vida de la gente en la Tierra.

Este es tu cerebro en el espacio

La investigación Brain-DTI de la ESA (Agencia Espacial Europea) llevó a cabo pruebas para saber si el cerebro se adapta a la ingravidez mediante el uso de conexiones entre neuronas previamente desaprovechadas. Las resonancias magnéticas de los miembros de la tripulación antes y después de los vuelos espaciales demuestran cambios funcionales en regiones específicas del cerebro, lo que confirma la adaptabilidad y plasticidad del cerebro en condiciones extremas. Esta información sustenta el desarrollo de formas de monitorear las adaptaciones cerebrales y de las contramedidas para promover un funcionamiento cerebral saludable en el espacio y para las personas con trastornos relacionados con el cerebro en la Tierra.

Mejores materiales para energía solar

Los materiales de perovskita de haluro metálico (PHM) convierten la luz solar en energía eléctrica y son prometedores para su uso en células solares de película delgada en el espacio debido a su bajo costo, alto rendimiento, idoneidad para la fabricación en el espacio y su tolerancia a defectos y radiación. Para el Experimento 13 de Materiales de la Estación Espacial Internacional de la NASA (MISSE-13-NASA), el cual continúa una serie de investigaciones sobre cómo el espacio afecta a diversos materiales, los investigadores expusieron películas delgadas de perovskita al espacio durante diez meses. Los resultados confirmaron su durabilidad y estabilidad en este entorno. Este hallazgo podría conducir a mejoras en los materiales y dispositivos de PHM para aplicaciones en el espacio tales como paneles solares.

Comprender las burbujas de las espumas

Las espumas húmedas son dispersiones de burbujas de gas en una base líquida. Una investigación llamada Dinámica de la Materia Blanda del Laboratorio de Ciencia de Fluidos, o FSL (FOAM, por sus siglas en inglés) de la ESA examina el engrosamiento, o agrandamiento, del grano, un proceso termodinámico en el cual las burbujas grandes crecen a expensas de las más pequeñas. Los investigadores determinaron las tasas de agrandamiento para diversos tipos de espumas y encontraron una estrecha concordancia con las predicciones teóricas. Una mejor comprensión de las propiedades de las espumas podría ayudar a los científicos a mejorar estas sustancias para una diversidad de usos, incluyendo el combate de incendios y el tratamiento del agua en el espacio, y la fabricación de detergentes, alimentos y medicamentos en la Tierra.

Respuesta a preguntas candentes

El fuego es una preocupación constante en el espacio. La serie de experimentos Saffire estudia las condiciones de las llamas en microgravedad utilizando la nave espacial de reabastecimiento Cygnus desocupada, que se ha desacoplado de la estación espacial. El Experimento Contra Incendios en Naves Espaciales IV (Saffire-IV, por sus siglas en inglés) examinó el desarrollo del fuego con diferentes materiales y condiciones, y mostró que una técnica llamada pirometría del color puede determinar la temperatura de una llama que se propaga. Este hallazgo ayuda a validar los modelos numéricos acerca de las propiedades de las llamas en microgravedad y proporciona información sobre la seguridad contra incendios en misiones futuras.

El salto de robot

La campaña de experimentos Astrobatics lleva a cabo a pruebas sobre el movimiento robótico mediante maniobras de salto o autolanzamiento de los robots Astrobee en la estación. En condiciones de baja gravedad, los robots podrían desplazarse más rápido, usar menos combustible y cubrir terrenos que de otro modo serían intransitables con estas maniobras, ampliando sus capacidades orbitales y planetarias. Los resultados verificaron la viabilidad de este método de locomoción y demostraron que proporciona un mayor rango de distancia. Este trabajo es un avance hacia la obtención de ayudantes robóticos autónomos en el espacio y en otros cuerpos celestes, lo que podría reducir la necesidad de exponer a los astronautas a entornos de riesgo.

Melissa Gaskill
Oficina de Investigaciones del Programa de la Estación Espacial Internacional
Centro Espacial Johnson

Busca en esta base de datos de experimentos científicos (en inglés) para obtener más información sobre los experimentos mencionados en este artículo.

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Ana Guzman