Looking Forward to the Moon

Looking Forward to the Moon

The Moon is lit so only half of it, diagonally, is visible. Along that line, craters of different sizes are visible. As you look toward the right, you can see light and dark gray areas on the Moon's surface. The Apollo 15 landing site
NASA/Shawn Quinn

On May 8, 2022, NASA’s Exploration Ground Systems’ Program Manager Shawn Quinn captured this crop of a full frame image of the Hadley–Apennine region of Earth’s Moon including the Apollo 15 landing site (very near the edge of the shadow of one of the lunar mountains in the area). Building upon the pioneers from the Apollo Program, Artemis crews will plan to verify capabilities for humans to explore deep space and pave the way for long-term exploration and science on the lunar surface.

Read the Artemis blog for the latest mission updates.

Image credit: NASA/Shawn Quinn

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Tiffany L. Fairley

Laine Havens: Melding Science and Storytelling

Laine Havens: Melding Science and Storytelling

Science Communication Intern – Goddard Space Flight Center

Laine Havens — now a senior at Cornell University and three-time NASA intern — grew up with a deep curiosity about how the universe works and a family that encouraged her to explore it. Throughout her childhood, Laine was immersed in science and exposed to wonderful science communicators by her mother and grandfather. 

Her grandfather, a retired Kodak engineer, encouraged inquisition into all matters — whether it be the inner workings of a telescope or an abandoned hornet’s nest. Laine spent summer evenings watching Mythbusters or Cosmos, and her mother’s favorite science podcast soundtracked car trips. Inspired by the likes of Carl Sagan, Laine originally intended to become a scientist.

“I fell in love with physics in high school,” she says. “I figured I would study it in college all the way through to a Ph.D.”

A headshot of Laine Havens
As a three-time NASA communications intern, Laine Havens has translated science for an audience of millions of people around the globe through science writing, social media, and video production.
Credit: Kristin Rutkowski Photography

Laine enrolled at Cornell and originally majored in physics as planned. But then she discovered an even more exciting option serendipitously while browsing an academic catalog: science and technology studies.

“I was scrolling through looking for a different class, but then I saw science and technology studies and began reading more about what it involved,” Laine says. “It was all about studying science — the philosophy of what it is, and how it interacts with social, political, ethical, and historical dimensions.”

Seeing the new program made Laine realize she could connect her love for critical analysis with her interest in science. She changed her program to a double-major in science and technology studies and astronomy, resolving to not only study and communicate science but to better understand the factors that influence it.

A photo of Laine and two classmates
Laine (left) is a senior at Cornell University, where she double-majors in astronomy and science and technology studies. She served as the student newspaper’s science editor and president of the Pants Improv Comedy group. Laine channeled her comedic skills for some of her NASA projects, including a reel that used puns to discuss the agency’s upcoming Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope.
Credit: Courtesy of Laine Havens

Laine began by working as a science writer at her university’s student-run newspaper, The Cornell Daily Sun, where she later became the science editor. Meanwhile, she volunteered with The Physics Bus — basically a mini science museum on wheels with experiments for kids — and the Free Science Workshop, an after school program offering kids an opportunity to build things or craft using all sorts of materials and gadgets.

“When you first hear about physics there’s a huge stigma, so we aimed to expose kids to it at a young age so they would associate it with fun,” Laine says.

A photo of Laine Havens and a child at the Physics Bus
Laine volunteered with The Physics Bus to introduce kids to the subject in a fun environment, helping them see the magic of how the world works before they learn to associate physics with boredom or intimidation.
Credit: Courtesy of Laine Havens

During her junior year, Laine started searching for science communication internships and found one at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. She applied and was accepted to one focusing on NASA’s upcoming Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope. Following her first internship, Laine came back for two more with the same team. 

“Every day here at NASA is inspiring,” Laine says. “I’ve learned so much about both hard and soft skills involved in science communication.”

During her first internship, Laine leaned into her background as a science writer to cover engineering milestones and craft a Tumblr post that walks readers through the universe’s different stages. She also produced videos, including one about Goddard’s biggest clean room.

“Everybody let me take that and run,” Laine says. “I got to write the script, host the video, and edit it.” The video, which garnered millions of views on social media, was the first of several Laine created to engage NASA’s traditional audience while drawing in others who don’t typically follow NASA or science very closely.

In addition to her usual assigned tasks, Laine took opportunities to be involved in many different aspects of science storytelling. This photo was taken while Laine worked as a drone spotter, helping to ensure a camera-equipped drone wouldn’t damage sensitive space hardware.
Credit: NASA/Sophia Roberts

Throughout her internships, Laine also led tours to teach people more about Roman, helped manage a celebrity visit with John Rhys-Davies, wrote Roman team member profiles, helped gather drone footage, contributed to the release of the NASA documentary Cosmic Dawn, emceed an intern day event, and supported Live Shots — short, live TV interviews with NASA experts. 

“It’s been cool to see a different side of things,” Laine says. “I ultimately want to keep doing what I’ve been doing, but also become engaged in how to make it better — the science of science communication.”

To others who are interested in interning at NASA, Laine recommends speaking up.

“Just ask people things, whether it’s for help or an opportunity,” she says. “Sometimes you don’t want to impose or risk looking dumb, but for the most part everyone wants to help you and see you succeed. I’m very grateful to the Roman team for making it feel like a safe space where I could speak up.” 

A photo of Laine in the big Goddard clean room
In preparation for a clean room “Get Ready With Me” video, Laine shadowed NASA videographer Sophia Roberts in the clean room at the agency’s Goddard Space Flight Center, where she supported documentation of integration milestones for NASA’s Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope. 
Credit: NASA/Sophia Roberts

Sometimes that meant pitching ideas that were ultimately rejected, but that still provided an opportunity for discussion. “Not everything works, but in talking about it you might think of something else that does work,” she says. “There’s no consequence to it, because either way you’re learning something from it — either from the process of seeing it through or figuring out why you can’t do it.”

The same advice applies to securing an internship in the first place.

“Don’t be afraid to advocate for yourself,” Laine says. “If you find something you love, you can’t wait for it to happen on its own — you have to decide to go for it and find a way to make it happen.”

By Ashley Balzer
NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md.

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Jul 30, 2025

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Ashley Balzer

Muscles, AI Robotics Research Assisting Astronauts as Next Crew Nears Launch

Muscles, AI Robotics Research Assisting Astronauts as Next Crew Nears Launch

JAXA (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency) astronaut and Expedition 73 Commander Takuya Onishi sets up the CIMON artificial intelligence-powered robotic assistant inside the International Space Station's Kibo laboratory module. Engineers on the ground tested CIMON's ability to command a free-flying robotic camera for JAXA’s ICHIBAN technology demonstration. CIMON tests how artificial intelligence affects crew support potentially relieving crews for more important tasks and increasing time for relaxation during long-term missions.
JAXA astronaut Takuya Onishi sets up the CIMON artificial intelligence-powered robotic assistant inside the Kibo laboratory module. CIMON tests how artificial intelligence affects crew support potentially relieving crews for more important tasks and increasing time for relaxation.
JAXA/ESA

Muscles and robotics topped the research schedule aboard the International Space Station on Tuesday to keep astronauts fit and assist crews on long-duration missions. Meanwhile, four Expedition 73 crewmates continue preparing for their departure next month as another crew on Earth nears its launch to the orbital outpost this week.

The lack of gravity crews experience in space contributes to muscle and bone loss that doctors are learning how to counteract. One method researchers are investigating is electrical muscle stimulation to enhance the crew’s daily exercise regimen and ensure healthy astronauts and successful spaceflights farther out into space.

NASA Flight Engineers Nichole Ayers and Anne McClain partnered together and studied using small electrical signals to counteract space-caused muscle atrophy and improve muscle function in weightlessness. The duo worked in the Columbus laboratory module with McClain operating biomedical gear and sending electrical signals to electrodes attached to Ayers legs. Doctors on the ground will review the data to learn how leg muscles respond to the signals in microgravity. Results may lead to improved space workout plans and lighter exercise equipment on spacecraft.

Autonomous robots may soon be assisting crews on the orbital outpost and future missions to the Moon, Mars, and beyond. CIMON, an artificial intelligence-powered robot about the size of a bowling ball, was being tested on Tuesday for its ability to control other free-flying robots aboard the station. Station Commander Takuya Onishi of JAXA (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency) activated CIMON in the Columbus module which then commanded a free-flying robotic camera to look for hidden objects inside the Kibo laboratory module. Results may fine-tune robot-to-robot communications, automate routine tasks, and enable crews to spend more time on research and relaxation.

The three astronauts later joined Roscosmos cosmonaut Kirill Peskov and checked out the pressure suits they will wear when they return to Earth next month aboard the SpaceX Dragon crew spacecraft. NASA’s SpaceX Crew-10 quartet tested the suits’ communications system and inspected the suits’ boots, gloves, and zippers. They are targeting the completion of their stay in space about a week after NASA’s SpaceX Crew-11 mission launches no earlier than 12:09 p.m. EDT on Thursday and docks to the space station a day-and-a-half later. Crew-11 Commander Zena Cardman and Pilot Mike Fincke, both from NASA, and Mission Specialists Kimiya Yui from JAXA and Oleg Platonov from Roscosmos are in Florida at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center counting down to their launch aboard Dragon atop the SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket. The foursome are preparing for a seven-month space research mission aboard the orbital outpost.

NASA Flight Engineer Jonny Kim is readying the space station for Crew-11 and staging supplies the new crew will use upon arrival. Kim will also be on duty monitoring Crew-11’s approach and rendezvous aboard Dragon as it nears the Harmony module’s space-facing port for an automated docking. He also gathered tools in preparation for the upcoming undocking of Crew-10 from Harmony‘s forward port inside the Dragon spacecraft.

Roscosmos Flight Engineers Sergey Ryzhikov and Alexey Zubritsky, who will stay in space until December with Kim, spent their day on Earth observation tasks. The duo set up and pointed a variety of imaging gear out space station windows and photographed the effects of natural and man-made disasters as well as other Earth landmarks in a variety of wavelengths.

Learn more about station activities by following the space station blog, @space_station on X, as well as the ISS Facebook and ISS Instagram accounts.

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Mark A. Garcia

Curiosity Blog, Sols 4614-4615: Driving Along the Boxwork

Curiosity Blog, Sols 4614-4615: Driving Along the Boxwork

2 min read

Curiosity Blog, Sols 4614-4615: Driving Along the Boxwork

A grayscale photo from the Martian surface shows a landscape of dark gray, slightly uneven, desert-like terrain stretching off into the distance, where a line of peaks that look like sand dunes create a hazy horizon line. Part of the rover is dimly visible in the bottom of the frame, and a pair of wheel tracks, darker than the surrounding ground, extend backward from there, scratched into the soil at the center of the frame.
NASA’s Mars rover Curiosity acquired this image, looking out in the direction from where it came, with the rover’s tracks visible through the dust and sand covering the ground. Curiosity acquired this image using its Left Navigation Camera on July 28, 2025 — Sol 4612, or Martian day 4,612 of the Mars Science Laboratory mission — at 00:27:23 UTC.
NASA/JPL-Caltech

Written by Conor Hayes, Graduate Student at York University

Earth planning date: Monday, July 28, 2025

Today was a pretty straightforward day of planning. Our drive over the weekend completed successfully, and we quickly confirmed that we are parked in a stable position. Thus, we were able to unstow the rover’s arm to poke around in our new workspace, which features a large sand-filled fracture. Aside from all of the good geology work to be done, the view from our current location is quite spectacular. 

We’re still in the time of year where the atmosphere at Gale is reasonably dust-free (at least, compared to later in the year), allowing us to look all the way out to and beyond the Gale crater rim. The upper slopes of Mount Sharp have also re-emerged to our east after spending months hidden behind the walls of Gediz Vallis. There’s a bit more sand and dust in this location than we’ve seen recently, so we can also see the trail left behind by the rover’s wheels as we drove to this location (see the image above).

We’re still deep in our examination of the boxwork structures that we’re now driving through, so most of Curiosity’s attention in this plan is focused much closer to the rover than any of the scenic vista surrounding us. APXS, DRT, and MAHLI will all take a look at “Cañón de Palca,” some bedrock close to the large fracture in this workspace. Mastcam and ChemCam RMI will image some boxwork ridges at “Caine,” and will also collaborate on imaging of the weekend’s post-drive AEGIS target and a LIBS bedrock target “Doña Ines.” Mastcam’s solo activities include taking a look at some layering at “Paniri butte” and at MAHLI to examine a speck of dust that may have fallen on the lens.

We’ll be driving away from this location along one of the boxwork ridges, which, at about 5 meters (about 16 feet) wide, is more than large enough to fit our car-sized rover. Post-drive activities are largely focused on environmental monitoring, including Navcam line-of-sight and dust-devil surveys to look at dust, and several Navcam cloud movies. As usual, ChemCam will also join the post-drive fun with an AEGIS observation. More environmental monitoring by REMS, RAD, and DAN fill out the remainder of this plan.

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Jul 29, 2025

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Spheres in the Sand

Spheres in the Sand

3 min read

Spheres in the Sand

A close-up color photograph from the Martian surface shows an overhead view of a patch of ground covered in what looks like very coarse, rust-colored sand, with numerous rocks in various colors resting atop the sand. Large pale-orange rocks, knobby and lined with small fractures, dominate the upper right and left corners of the frame. Most of the rest of the image is highlighted by dozens of smaller rocks, about half of them pale gray and nearly spherical, resembling dust-covered blueberries or frozen peas.
NASA’s Perseverance rover captured this image of spherule-bearing regolith at Rowsell Hill using its arm-mounted WATSON camera on July 5, 2025 — Sol 1555, or Martian day 1,555 of the Mars 2020 mission — at the local mean solar time of 12:46:29. WATSON (Wide Angle Topographic Sensor for Operations and eNgineering) is a close-range color camera that works with the rover’s SHERLOC instrument (Scanning Habitable Environments with Raman and Luminescence for Organics and Chemicals); both are located on the turret at the end of the rover’s robotic arm.
NASA/JPL-Caltech

Written by Andrew Shumway, Postdoctoral Researcher at the University of Washington

It is not common for a rover to spot nearly perfect spheres in the soil beneath its wheels. Over two decades ago, the Opportunity rover famously discovered spherules made of hematite (nicknamed “blueberries”) near its landing site in Meridiani Planum. More recently, the Perseverance rover has similarly encountered spherules embedded in bedrock and loosely scattered throughout the region informally called “Witch Hazel Hill.” In a previous blog post, we described Perseverance’s investigations of a spherule-bearing outcrop at the “Hare Bay” abrasion patch, where the team later collected a core. With the “Bell Island” sample added to the rover’s collection, the science team next decided to take a closer look at loose spherules in the area, which appear to have eroded out of the nearby bedrock.  

On Sol 1555, while the United States was celebrating the Fourth of July with hotdogs and fireworks, Perseverance was hard at work studying spherule-rich regolith at the target “Rowsell Hill” using the proximity instruments on its robotic arm. SHERLOC’s Autofocus and Context Imager and WATSON camera both captured high resolution pictures of the target (shown above), while PIXL measured the elemental makeup of the spherules and surrounding grains. 

Despite their superficial similarity to Opportunity’s “blueberries”, the spherules at “Rowsell Hill” have a very different composition and likely origin. In Meridiani Planum, the spherules were composed of the mineral hematite and were interpreted to have formed in groundwater-saturated sediments in Mars’ distant past. By comparison, the spherules in “Rowsell Hill” have a basaltic composition and likely formed during a meteoroid impact or volcanic eruption. When a meteoroid crashes into the surface of Mars, it can melt rock and send molten droplets spraying into the air. Those droplets can then rapidly cool, solidifying into spherules that rain down on the surrounding area.  Alternatively, the spherules may have formed from molten lava during a volcanic eruption. 

With these new data in hand, the Perseverance science team continues to search for answers about where these spherules came from. If they formed during an ancient impact, they may be able to tell us about the composition of the meteoroid and the importance of impact cratering in early Mars’s history. If they instead formed during a volcanic eruption, they could preserve clues about past volcanism in the region around Jezero crater. Either way, these spherules are a remnant of an energetic and dynamic period in Mars’ history! 

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Jul 29, 2025

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