Will the Sun Ever Burn Out? We Asked a NASA Expert: Episode 60

Will the Sun Ever Burn Out? We Asked a NASA Expert: Episode 60

1 min read

Preparations for Next Moonwalk Simulations Underway (and Underwater)

Will the Sun ever burn out?

Well, the Sun, just like the stars we see at night, is a star. It’s a giant ball of super hot hydrogen.

Gravity squeezes it in and it creates energy, which is what makes the Sun shine. Eventually, it will use up all of that hydrogen. But in the process, it’s creating helium. So it will then use the helium. And it will continue to use larger and larger elements until it can’t do this anymore.

And when that happens, it will start to expand into a red giant about the size of the inner planets. Then it will shrink back down into a very strange star called a white dwarf — super hot, but not very bright and about the size of the Earth.

But our Sun has a pretty long lifetime. It’s halfway through its 10-billion-year lifetime.

So the Sun will never really burn out, but it will change and be a very, very different dim kind of star when it reaches the end of its normal life.

[END VIDEO TRANSCRIPT]

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Emily Furfaro

A Tough Drill at Witch Hazel Hill

A Tough Drill at Witch Hazel Hill

2 min read

A Tough Drill at Witch Hazel Hill

A color image from the Martian surface shows uneven yellow-tan ground, covered in gravel and much larger flat, angular rocks showing above the surface. Parts of the rover are visible but shaded – a portion across the top of the frame, and a wheel in the lower left corner. A drill hole is visible in the ground near the center of the image, surrounded by lighter-colored soil.
The Bell Island drill hole: This image of the Bell Island drill hole was acquired by the front left Hazcam, on May 7, 2025 (Sol 1497, or Martian day 1,497 of the Mars 2020 mission) at the local mean solar time of 15:31:16.
NASA/JPL-Caltech

Written by Alex Jones, Ph.D. candidate at Imperial College London 

After a busy few months exploring the outer slopes of the Jezero crater rim at an area named “Witch Hazel Hill,” the Perseverance Science Team was eyeing another sample of these truly ancient rocks, which likely predate Jezero crater itself.  

The target? A rock containing spherules, which could shed a light on volcanic- or impact-related processes occurring in Mars’ most ancient past. After a search of several outcrops, the “Hare Bay” abrasion patch at “Pine Pond” revealed suitably accessible and spherule-bearing bedrock for sampling. 

On Sol 1483 of the mission, sampling was a-go… But Mars wasn’t keen to give its secrets away too easily. 

As data began arriving on Earth, it became clear Perseverance had managed to drill into the rock but had stopped short of retracting the drill and storing the sample. It transpired that this rock was particularly hard — a far cry from the crumbly rocks of the upper crater rim that fell apart when faced with Perseverance’s drill bit.  

This isn’t the first time a hard rock has gotten in the way of sampling; an extremely hard-to-crack boulder on the Jezero fan top stopped the drill short. This time though, the drill penetrated the rock as expected, but faulted during retraction. After a few sols of hard work by the engineering team, however, there were smiles all round as images of the successfully retracted drill reached Earth.

But Mars wasn’t finished with surprises yet.

The “Bell Island” core contained the spherules the team were looking for, but the sample tube was overfilled. This meant that excess core length would prevent the sample from being sealed. In the end, the team opted to execute a dump activity to clear at least some of the sample out of the tube. This activity succeeded in removing enough sample that the tube can now be sealed in the future. As has been the case in the past on Mars, the most exciting discoveries often require a little Perseverance…




before
during

A color photo from the Mars surface shows pale yellow-orange, gritty terrain with lighter-colored, rectangular flat rocks visible above the soil. The turret at the end of the rover’s robotic arm dominates the upper half of the image. It shows two cylindrical probes reaching down to the ground below it.
Sampling the spherules: The first image (left) shows Perseverance placing its stabilizers, ready to drill into the layered, spherule-bearing bedrock at the local mean solar time of 15:19:19 on April 22, 2025 (Sol 1483).
NASA/JPL-Caltech

A color photo from the Mars surface shows pale yellow-orange, gritty terrain with lighter-colored, rectangular flat rocks visible above the soil. The turret at the end of the rover’s robotic arm dominates the upper half of the image. It shows two cylindrical probes reaching down to the ground below it.
Sampling the spherules: The second image (right), acquired approximately 25 minutes later, shows Perseverance’s drill embedded into the rock, having covered the Hare Bay abrasion patch with rock powder during the drilling process. Several pebbles (most notably in the lower left) appear to have moved between the first and second image, due to vibrations caused by the drilling. Both images were acquired by the rover’s front left Hazcam.
NASA/JPL-Caltech

A color photo from the Mars surface shows pale yellow-orange, gritty terrain with lighter-colored, rectangular flat rocks visible above the soil. The turret at the end of the rover’s robotic arm dominates the upper half of the image. It shows two cylindrical probes reaching down to the ground below it.
Sampling the spherules: The first image (left) shows Perseverance placing its stabilizers, ready to drill into the layered, spherule-bearing bedrock at the local mean solar time of 15:19:19 on April 22, 2025 (Sol 1483).
NASA/JPL-Caltech
A color photo from the Mars surface shows pale yellow-orange, gritty terrain with lighter-colored, rectangular flat rocks visible above the soil. The turret at the end of the rover’s robotic arm dominates the upper half of the image. It shows two cylindrical probes reaching down to the ground below it.
Sampling the spherules: The second image (right), acquired approximately 25 minutes later, shows Perseverance’s drill embedded into the rock, having covered the Hare Bay abrasion patch with rock powder during the drilling process. Several pebbles (most notably in the lower left) appear to have moved between the first and second image, due to vibrations caused by the drilling. Both images were acquired by the rover’s front left Hazcam.
NASA/JPL-Caltech

before

during

ready, set, drill

Sampling the Spherules

April 22, 2025


The first image (left) shows Perseverance placing its stabilizers, ready to drill into the layered, spherule-bearing bedrock at the local mean solar time of 15:19:19 on April 22, 2025 (Sol 1483). The second image (right), acquired approximately 25 minutes later, shows Perseverance’s drill embedded into the rock, having covered the Hare Bay abrasion patch with rock powder during the drilling process. Several pebbles (most notably in the lower left) appear to have moved between the first and second image, due to vibrations caused by the drilling. Both images were acquired by the rover’s front left Hazcam.

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May 14, 2025

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Eclipses, Auroras, and the Spark of Becoming: NASA Inspires Future Scientists

Eclipses, Auroras, and the Spark of Becoming: NASA Inspires Future Scientists

4 min read

Eclipses, Auroras, and the Spark of Becoming: NASA Inspires Future Scientists

In the heart of Alaska’s winter, where the night sky stretches endlessly and the aurora dances across the sky in a display of ethereal beauty, nine undergraduate students from across the United States were about to embark on a transformative journey. These students had been active ‘NASA Partner Eclipse Ambassadors’ in their home communities, nine of more than 700 volunteers who shared the science and awe of the 2024 eclipse with hundreds of thousands of people across the country as part of the NASA Science Activation program’s Eclipse Ambassadors project. Now, these nine were chosen to participate in a once-in a lifetime experience as a part of the “Eclipses to Aurora” Winter Field School at the University of Alaska Fairbanks. Organized by the Astronomical Society of the Pacific and NASA’s Aurorasaurus Citizen Science project, supported by NASA, this program offered more than just lectures—it was an immersive experience into the wonders of heliophysics and the profound connections between the Sun and Earth.

From January 4 to 11, 2025, the students explored the science behind the aurora through seminars on solar and space physics, hands-on experiments, and tours of cutting-edge research facilities like the Poker Flat Research Range. They also gained invaluable insight from Athabaskan elders, who shared local stories and star knowledge passed down through generations. As Feras recalled, “We attended multiple panels on solar and space physics, spoke to local elders on their connection to the auroras, and visited the Poker Flat Research Range to observe the stunning northern lights.”

For many students, witnessing the aurora was not only a scientific milestone, but a deeply personal and emotional experience. One participant, Andrea, described it vividly: “I looked to the darkest horizon I could find to see my only constant dream fulfilled before my eyes, so slowly dancing and bending to cradle the stars. All I could do, with my hands frozen and tears falling, I began to dream again with my eyes wide open.” Another student, Kalid, reflected on the shared human moment: “Standing there under the vast Alaskan sky… we were all just people, looking up, waiting for something magical. The auroras didn’t care about our majors or our knowledge—they brought us together under the same sky.”

These moments of wonder were mirrored by a deeper sense of purpose and transformation. “Over the course of the week, I had the incredible opportunity to explore auroras through lectures on solar physics, planetary auroras, and Indigenous star knowledge… and to reflect on these experiences through essays and presentations,” said Sophia. The Winter Field School was more than an academic endeavor—it was a celebration of science, culture, and shared human experience. It fostered not only understanding but unity and awe, reminding everyone involved of the profound interconnectedness of our universe.

The impact of the program continues to resonate. For many students, that one aurora-lit week in Alaska became a turning point in the focus of their careers. Sophia has since been accepted into graduate school to pursue heliophysics. Vishvi, inspired by the intersection of science and society, will begin a program in medical physics at the University of Pennsylvania this fall. And Christy, moved by her time at the epicenter of aurora research, has applied to the Ph.D. program in Space Physics at the University of Alaska Fairbanks—the very institution that helped spark her journey. Their stories are powerful proof that the Winter Field School didn’t just teach—it awakened purpose, lit new paths, and left footprints on futures still unfolding.

Eclipse Ambassadors is supported by NASA under cooperative agreement award number 80NSS22M0007 and is part of NASA’s Science Activation Portfolio. Learn more about how Science Activation connects NASA science experts, real content, and experiences with community leaders to do science in ways that activate minds and promote deeper understanding of our world and beyond: https://science.nasa.gov/learn/about-science-activation/

A group of 13 people standing together on snow-covered ground, dressed in warm winter clothing, with the aurora glowing in the sky above them. Some are kneeling, while others stand in front of them, all facing the camera and smiling.
Participants at the Winter Field School are enjoying the trip to Anchorage, AK.
Andy Witteman

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May 14, 2025
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NASA Awards Launch Service Task Order for Aspera’s Galaxy Mission

NASA Awards Launch Service Task Order for Aspera’s Galaxy Mission

The letters NASA on a blue circle with red and white detail, all surrounded by a black background
Credit: NASA

NASA has selected Rocket Lab USA Inc. of Long Beach, California, to launch the agency’s Aspera mission, a SmallSat to study galaxy formation and evolution, providing new insights into how the universe works.

The selection is part of NASA’s Venture-Class Acquisition of Dedicated and Rideshare (VADR) launch services contract. This contract allows the agency to make fixed-price indefinite-delivery/indefinite-quantity launch service task order awards during VADR’s five-year ordering period, with a maximum total contract value of $300 million.

Through the observation of ultraviolet light, Aspera will examine hot gas in the space between galaxies, called the intergalactic medium. The mission will study the inflow and outflow of gas from galaxies, a process thought to contribute to star formation.

Aspera is part of NASA’s Pioneers Program in the Astrophysics Division at NASA Headquarters in Washington, which funds compelling astrophysics science at a lower cost using small hardware and modest payloads. The principal investigator for Aspera is Carlos Vargas at the University of Arizona in Tucson. NASA’s Launch Services Program, based at the agency’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida, manages the VADR contract.

To learn more about NASA’s Aspera mission and the Pioneers Program, visit:

https://go.nasa.gov/42U1Wkn

-end-

Joshua Finch / Tiernan Doyle
Headquarters, Washington
202-358-1600
joshua.a.finch@nasa.gov / tiernan.doyle@nasa.gov

Patti Bielling
Kennedy Space Center, Florida
321-501-7575
patricia.a.bielling@nasa.gov

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Tiernan P. Doyle

Pretty in Pink

Pretty in Pink

A spiral galaxy's winding arms are shades of pink and purple in this image. At the center is a bright, hazy yellow light.
NASA/JPL-Caltech/ESA/Harvard-Smithsonian CfA

The spiral galaxy known as Messier 81 (M81) has a rosy tint in this June 1, 2007, composite image that incorporates data from NASA’s Spitzer and Hubble Space Telescopes, and NASA’s Galaxy Evolution Explorer. Discovered by the German astronomer Johann Elert Bode in 1774, M81 is one of the brightest galaxies in the night sky. It is located 11.6 million light-years from Earth in the constellation Ursa Major.

The galaxy’s spiral arms, which wind all the way down into its nucleus, are made up of young, bluish, hot stars formed in the past few million years. They also host a population of stars formed in an episode of star formation that started about 600 million years ago.

Learn more about M81 in Hubble’s Messier Catalog.

Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/ESA/Harvard-Smithsonian CfA

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Monika Luabeya