Risk to Vehicle Crew Egress Capability and Task Performance as Applied to Earth and Extraterrestrial Landings

Risk to Vehicle Crew Egress Capability and Task Performance as Applied to Earth and Extraterrestrial Landings

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Preparations for Next Moonwalk Simulations Underway (and Underwater)

NASA astronaut Douglas Hurley is helped out of the SpaceX Crew Dragon Endeavour spacecraft
NASA astronaut Douglas Hurley is helped out of the SpaceX Crew Dragon Endeavour spacecraft onboard the SpaceX GO Navigator recovery ship after he and NASA astronaut Robert Behnken landed in the Gulf of Mexico off the coast of Pensacola, Florida, Sunday, Aug. 2, 2020. The Demo-2 test flight for NASA’s Commercial Crew Program was the first to deliver astronauts to the International Space Station and return them safely to Earth onboard a commercially built and operated spacecraft. Behnken and Hurley returned after spending 64 days in space. Photo Credit: (NASA/Bill Ingalls)
NASA

New spacecraft that will transport crews to the Lunar and Martian surfaces and return them to Earth may have diverse landing modalities which will function in different landing environments. Additionally, the crew may be deconditioned on landing, impacting their ability to independently egress the vehicles, perform post-landing tasks in a timely manner, and perform surface EVAs post-landing -including those required for emergencies.

Boeing’s CST-100 Starliner spacecraft
Boeing and NASA teams work around Boeing’s CST-100 Starliner spacecraft after it landed at White Sands Missile Range’s Space Harbor, Wednesday, May 25, 2022, in New Mexico. Boeing’s Orbital Flight Test-2 (OFT-2) is Starliner’s second uncrewed flight test to the International Space Station as part of NASA’s Commercial Crew Program. OFT-2 serves as an end-to-end test of the system’s capabilities. Photo Credit: (NASA/Bill Ingalls)

Directed Acyclic Graph Files

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+ Crew Egress Risk DAG and Narrative (PDF)

+ Crew Egress Risk DAG Code (TXT)

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Mar 11, 2025

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Robert E. Lewis

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Risk to Crew Health Due to Electrical Shock (Electrical Shock Risk)

Risk to Crew Health Due to Electrical Shock (Electrical Shock Risk)

1 min read

Preparations for Next Moonwalk Simulations Underway (and Underwater)

The space shuttle Endeavour is seen on launch pad 39 with lightning in the background
The space shuttle Endeavour is seen on launch pad 39a as a storm passes by prior to the rollback of the Rotating Service Structure (RSS), Thursday, April 28, 2011, at Kennedy Space Center in Cape Canaveral, Fla. During the 14-day mission, Endeavour and the STS-134 crew will deliver the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS) and spare parts including two S-band communications antennas, a high-pressure gas tank and additional spare parts for Dextre. Launch is targeted for Friday, April 29 at 3:47 p.m. EDT.
NASA

It is important to protect humans from unintended electrical current flow during spaceflight. The thresholds for contact electrical shock are well established, and standards and requirements exist that minimize the probability of contact electrical shock. Current thresholds were chosen (vs. voltage thresholds) because body impedance varies depending on conditions such as wet/dry, AC/DC, voltage level, large/small contact area, but current thresholds and physiological effects do not change. By addressing electrical thresholds, engineering teams are able to provide the appropriate hazard controls, usually through additional isolation (beyond the body’s impedance), current limiters, and/or modifying the voltage levels. Risk assessment determined that the probability of an event was extremely low, and the most serious consequence is expected to be involuntary muscle contraction.

Lightning strikes the Launch Pad 39B protection system
Lightning strikes the Launch Pad 39B protection system as preparations for launch of NASA’s Space Launch System (SLS) rocket with the Orion spacecraft aboard continue, Saturday, Aug. 27, 2022, at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida. NASA’s Artemis I flight test is the first integrated test of the agency’s deep space exploration systems: the Orion spacecraft, SLS rocket, and supporting ground systems. Launch of the uncrewed flight test is targeted for no earlier than Aug. 29 at 8:33 a.m. ET. Photo Credit: (NASA/Bill Ingalls)

Directed Acyclic Graph Files

+ DAG File Information (HSRB Home Page)

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+ Electrical Shock Risk DAG Code (TXT)

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Mar 11, 2025

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Robert E. Lewis

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Risk of Urinary Retention

Risk of Urinary Retention

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Preparations for Next Moonwalk Simulations Underway (and Underwater)

astronaut working on toilet on ISS
Astronaut Mark Vande Hei swaps out components on an advanced new toilet installed inside the International Space Station.
NASA

Exposure to the altered gravity in the spaceflight environment may cause physiological changes. One of these changes is the inability to completely empty the bladder or urinary retention. Causes of urinary retention in the early phases of flight include altered baseline physiology seen with exposure to microgravity, the anticholinergic side effects of medications that are taken to combat space motion sickness, and other factors. Urinary retention may impact health on orbit by causing discomfort and increasing the risk of urinary tract infection. Treatment, including urethral catheterization, has been performed on orbit.

Directed Acyclic Graph Files

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Mar 11, 2025

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Robert E. Lewis

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Risk of Toxic Substance Exposure

Risk of Toxic Substance Exposure

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Preparations for Next Moonwalk Simulations Underway (and Underwater)

astronauts working in ISS
ESA (European Space Agency) astronaut and Expedition 67 Flight Engineer Samantha Cristoforetti works inside the International Space Station’s Unity module reconfiguring components for the Solid Fuel Ignition and Extinction investigation that explores fire growth and fire safety techniques in space.
NASA

Safe, breathable air is essential for crew health. Human spaceflight has involved toxicological events ranging in severity from trivial to life-threatening. Toxic exposure to chemical contaminants can originate from environmental system leaks, payload leaks, pyrolysis of polymeric materials, off-gassing of polymeric materials, use of utility compounds, propellant entry, microbial products, and human metabolism.

To ensure crew safety, these risks are mitigated by preventive measures aimed at reducing or eliminating toxic exposure events as well as by monitoring and intervention post-release to minimize impacts to crew and reduce impacts to crew health and performance as well as long-term health consequences.

Boeing’s Orbital Flight Test-2 (OFT-2) is Starliner’s second uncrewed flight test to the ISS
Boeing team members don hazmat suits as they prepare for the landing of Boeing’s CST-100 Starliner spacecraft at White Sands Missile Range’s Space Harbor, Wednesday, May 25, 2022, in New Mexico. Boeing’s Orbital Flight Test-2 (OFT-2) is Starliner’s second uncrewed flight test to the International Space Station as part of NASA’s Commercial Crew Program. OFT-2 serves as an end-to-end test of the system’s capabilities.
NASA

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+ DAG File Information (HSRB Home Page)

+ Toxic Exposure Risk DAG and Narrative (PDF)

+ Toxic Exposure Risk DAG Code (TXT)

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Mar 11, 2025

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Robert E. Lewis

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Risk of Spaceflight Associated Neuro-ocular Syndrome

Risk of Spaceflight Associated Neuro-ocular Syndrome

1 min read

Preparations for Next Moonwalk Simulations Underway (and Underwater)

Astronaut Examines Her Eyes in Space
Astronaut Serena M. Auñón-Chancellor Examines Her Eyes in Space
NASA

Exposure to altered gravity can cause ocular and brain structural changes to develop during spaceflight; these changes could lead to vision alterations, cognitive effects, or other deleterious health effects. SANS is a syndrome unique to humans that fly in space, and there is no terrestrial disease equivalent. Brain structural changes appear small but seem to indicate that over half of crewmembers experience one or more symptoms of SANS. Determining intracranial pressure during spaceflight could improve our understanding of SANS mechanisms and improve our ability to target countermeasures for determining risk for future missions.

ocular health exam
NASA astronaut Karen Nyberg, Expedition 36 flight engineer, conducts an ocular health exam on herself in the Destiny laboratory of the Earth-orbiting International Space Station. (NASA)
NASA

Directed Acyclic Graph Files

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+ SANS Risk DAG and Narrative (PDF)

+ SANS Risk DAG Code (TXT)

Human Research Roadmap

+ Risk of Spaceflight Associated Neuro-ocular Syndrome

+ 2022 April Evidence Report (PDF)

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Mar 11, 2025

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Robert E. Lewis

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