Chief Training Officer Teresa Sindelar Touches the Future of Human Spaceflight

Chief Training Officer Teresa Sindelar Touches the Future of Human Spaceflight

Teresa Sindelar always knew she wanted to be a part of human spaceflight, but she was unsure how to make that dream a reality until a chance encounter with former NASA astronaut Tom Stafford when she was 11 years old.

The pair met in a local jewelry shop near Sindelar’s Nebraska home, where Gen. Stafford was signing autographs. In addition to his photo, Gen. Stafford gave Sindelar a valuable tip – she should check out the Kansas Cosmosphere, a space museum in Hutchinson, Kansas. “I proceeded to attend every camp the Cosmosphere offered as a student, interned during college, and worked there full time while earning my graduate degree,” Sindelar said.

A woman wearing a black-and-white striped blouse and a black blazer stands in front of a NASA flag and an American flag in an official portrait.
Official portrait of Teresa Sindelar.
NASA

She discovered a passion for teaching and mentoring young students through her work in the museum’s education department and a stint as a high school science teacher. When she began looking for opportunities at NASA, she sought a position that melded instruction with technical work. “I like pouring into others and watching them grow,” she said.

Today, Sindelar is a chief training officer (CTO) within the Flight Operations Directorate at NASA’s Johnson Space Center in Houston. Along with her fellow CTOs, Sindelar oversees the correct and complete training of NASA astronauts, crew members representing international partners, and all flight controllers. “I put the pieces together,” she said. “It is my job to make sure instructors, schedulers, outside partners, facility managers, and others are all in sync.” She added that CTOs have a unique position because they see the big picture of a training flow and understand the long-term training goals and objectives.

A woman in business casual attire receives a plaque from a male astronaut wearing a blue flight suit.
Teresa Sindelar received a 2025 Space Flight Awareness Program Honoree Award, presented by NASA astronaut Randy Bresnik.
NASA

“I get to do a lot of cool things and go to a lot of cool places,” she said, noting that the training facilities at Johnson and other NASA centers, as well as facilities managed by international partners, are top-notch. While she does enjoy watching astronauts work through problems and learn new systems, she has a special fondness for flight controller training and mentoring young professionals. “What fills my cup the most is seeing a brand-new employee right out of college blossom into a confident flight controller, do their job well, and make our missions better,” she said. “I like knowing that I had something to do with that.”

Sindelar has been part of the Johnson team since 2010 and worked as an educator in what was then called the center’s Office of Education and as a crew training instructor in the Space Medicine Operations Directorate before becoming a CTO. In March 2025, Sindelar received a Space Flight Awareness Program Honoree Award for her outstanding leadership in the Private Astronaut Mission (PAM) program, which is an important component of NASA’s strategy for enabling a robust and competitive commercial economy in low Earth orbit. As the lead CTO for the third PAM, Axiom Mission 3, Sindelar managed training while identifying critical inefficiencies, enhancing mission safety and performance. She spearheaded a key stakeholder retreat to streamline operations, reorganized training resources for improved accessibility, and implemented efficiency improvements that optimized mission support. Sindelar’s work was recognized during an award ceremony at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida, and she got to attend the launch of NASA’s SpaceX Crew-10 mission as a special guest.

In her 15 years with the agency, she has learned the importance of leading by example. “My team needs to see that I meet the bar I set,” she said. “Leading is about motivating your people so they are committed, not just compliant.”

Five astronauts and cosmonauts wearing matching blue polo shirts pose for a group photo with a group of four men and women wearing black shirts. They hold an Expedition 48 sign.
Teresa Sindelar (front row, third from left) and her Space Medicine Operations crew training team with the crew members of Expedition 48.
NASA

Keeping a team motivated and on track is particularly important to training success and safety. “We only get a matter of months to train astronauts to do the most hazardous activities that humans have done, or to train flight controllers who literally have the mission and the lives of astronauts in their hands,” Sindelar said, adding that they cannot afford to have an unfocused or indifferent team.

Sindelar observed that Johnson’s training team is acutely aware of their responsibilities. “We live and work in the same communities as the crew members,” she said. “We see them at school functions, at the grocery store, at the park. We know their families are counting on us to bring their loved ones home safely.”

She has also learned that her voice matters. “When I was a young professional, I just never felt I could be influential, but the only person holding me back was me,” she said. “I had to learn to trust in my own instincts. That was definitely outside of my comfort zone.” She credits her mentors with helping her build confidence and knowing when and how to speak up. “I have had many giants of the spaceflight community mold and shape me in my career, from my counselors at the Cosmosphere all the way to flight directors and astronauts,” she said. “It is my privilege to learn from them, and I am grateful to each of them.”

Outside of work, Sindelar uses her voice in a different way – as part of her church choir. She also plays piano, stating that she is as passionate about music and volunteerism as she is about human spaceflight. She is a member of the Friendswood Volunteer Fire Department, as well, serving on its rehab team and as the department’s chaplain

A couple and their three children - two boys and one girl - stand in front of a fire engine.
Teresa Sindelar (second from right) and her family with a Friendswood Volunteer Fire Department fire engine.
Image courtesy of Teresa Sindelar

As NASA prepares to return humans to the Moon and journey on to Mars, Sindelar hopes she has taught the next generation of explorers enough so they can show the world the wonders of the universe. “This next generation will see and do things my generation never even thought of,” she said, adding that it is time for them to start leading. “Use your voice. Take care of each other along the way. Reach out and help the next one in line.”

Sindelar keeps a reminder of that important message on her desk: the picture Gen. Stafford signed all those years ago.

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Linda E. Grimm

Ax-4 Go for Monday Undocking, Finalizing Research

Ax-4 Go for Monday Undocking, Finalizing Research

The SpaceX Dragon spacecraft carrying the Axiom Mission 4 (Ax-4) crew from Axiom Space approaches the International Space Station as both spacecraft were orbiting 263 miles above the coast of southern Madagascar. Commanding Ax-4 inside Dragon was veteran astronaut Peggy Whitson leading Pilot Shubhanshu Shukla, and Mission Specialists Sławosz Uznański-Wiśniewski and Tibor Kapu. Dragon would dock later to the orbital outpost's space-facing port on the Harmony module.
The SpaceX Dragon spacecraft carrying the Axiom Mission 4 (Ax-4) crew from Axiom Space approaches the International Space Station as both spacecraft were orbiting 263 miles above the coast of southern Madagascar on June 26, 2025.
NASA

Mission managers have given the “go” for the Axiom Mission 4 (Ax-4) crew to board the SpaceX Dragon spacecraft and undock from the International Space Station’s space-facing port on the Harmony module at 7:05 a.m. EDT on Monday, July 14. Ax-4 Commander Peggy Whitson will lead Pilot Shubhanshu Shukla, and Mission Specialists Sławosz Uznański-Wiśniewski, and Tibor Kapu back to Earth completing a two-and-a-half-week research mission aboard the orbiting lab.

The Ax-4 private quartet had a full schedule on Friday first collecting blood samples for analysis as part of its biomedical research. Next, microalgae was studied as a food source for crews and a key part of biological life support systems on spacecraft. Nanomaterials were also investigated as a basis for constructing wearable devices that comfortably monitor crew health.

Ax-4 will go into Saturday finalizing science experiments including an electrical muscle stimulation study, testing suit fabrics that promote thermal comfort while exercising, and filming crew activities for a behavioral health study. On Sunday, they will begin packing science gear filled with research samples and loading personal items and other cargo inside Dragon for retrieval on Earth.

Station Flight Engineer Anne McClain from NASA began helping the Ax-4 crew turn its attention to Monday’s undocking gathering hardware and other items for packing inside Dragon. McClain also continued assisting the private crewmates as they kept up their science investigations using space station resources.

NASA Flight Engineer Nichole Ayers began her day in the Columbus laboratory module also assisting the Ax-4 crew spinning the astronaut’s blood samples in a centrifuge and stowing them in a science freezer for preservation. She later worked inside the Quest airlock transferring water in a pair of spacesuits. NASA Flight Engineer Jonny Kim assisted Ayers with the blood sample processing then spent the rest of his day inspecting electronics gear and swapping computer cables.

Station Commander Takuya Onishi of JAXA (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency) started his day processing saliva samples for analysis then recording his sleep experience for a computer questionnaire. He later worked in the Tranquility module replacing orbital plumbing hardware before deactivating and stowing a microscope in the Kibo laboratory module.

Roscosmos Flight Engineers Sergey Ryzhikov and Alexey Zubritskiy took turns pedaling on an exercise cycle while wearing electrodes for a physical fitness evaluation. Researchers will use the data to understand the energy requirements crew members need for strenuous activities such as spacewalks. Fight Engineer Kirill Peskov replaced fire extinguishers in the Poisk, Rassvet, and Zvezda modules then checked computer hardware that supports the European robotic arm.

Learn more about station activities by following the space station blog, @space_station on X, as well as the ISS Facebook and ISS Instagram accounts.

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Mark A. Garcia

Busy Science Day on Station; Mission Updates for Ax-4 and SpaceX Crew-11

Busy Science Day on Station; Mission Updates for Ax-4 and SpaceX Crew-11

The city lights of Southeast Asia and lightning storms streak below the International Space Station as it orbited 259 miles above the Gulf of Thailand at approximately 3:17 a.m. local time.
The city lights of Southeast Asia and lightning storms streak below the International Space Station as it orbited 259 miles above the Gulf of Thailand at approximately 3:17 a.m. local time.
NASA

Exercise research and spacesuit maintenance topped the schedule for the Expedition 73 and Axiom Mission 4 (Ax-4) crews on Thursday. The 11 orbital residents also kept up an array of space research to improve human health while ensuring the International Space Station continues orbiting Earth in tip-top shape.

NASA Flight Engineer Nichole Ayers kicked off her shift activating the Bio-Monitor vest and headband to measure her health data. She wore the sensor-packed wearable gear that collected her blood pressure, heart, and breathing activity while she pedaled on the Destiny laboratory module’s exercise cycle. Doctors will use the information to help monitor and protect crew health as NASA and its international partners plan missions to the Moon, Mars, and beyond. Ayers then spent the second half of her shift swapping out life support components and transferring water in a pair of spacesuits inside the Quest airlock.

Station Commander Takuya Onishi from JAXA (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency) called down to high school students in Japan and the United Kingdom and talked to them about living and working in space. Afterward, Onishi set up a science laptop computer and a centrifuge in the Kibo laboratory module for the Plant Cell Division study to learn how to develop agricultural methods for missions to the Moon and Mars.

NASA Flight Engineers Jonny Kim and Anne McClain focused mainly on lab upkeep throughout the orbital outpost on Thursday. Kim worked in the Unity module setting up hardware and configuring cables to troubleshoot pressure valves used to depressurize the Nanoracks Bishop airlock. McClain performed fluid transfer duties inside Destiny while also continuing to assist the Ax-4 crewmates during their science experiments.

Ax-4 private astronauts Peggy Whitson, Shubhanshu Shukla, Sławosz Uznański-Wiśniewski, and Tibor Kapu were busy all-day Thursday conducting their critical research. The quartet explored electrical muscle stimulation to supplement space exercise, a human-computer interface, and blood flow inside the brain. Ax-4 is scheduled to complete its mission at the orbital outpost no earlier than Monday, July 14, and undock inside the SpaceX Dragon spacecraft from the Harmony module’s space-facing port for a return to Earth.

Working in the station’s Roscosmos segment, Flight Engineer Sergey Ryzhikov serviced an oxygen generator then tested new cameras recently delivered aboard the Progress 92 resupply ship. Cosmonaut Alexey Zubritskiy spent his day continuing to unload some of the nearly three tons of cargo still packed inside the Progress 92. Cosmonaut Kirill Peskov worked throughout the day on life support maintenance and orbital plumbing in the station’s Roscosmos segment.

Four members of NASA’s SpaceX Crew-11 mission are targeting their launch aboard the SpaceX Dragon to the space station for no earlier than 12:09 p.m. on July 31. Commander Zena Cardman of NASA, Pilot Mike Fincke of NASA, and Mission Specialists Kimiya Yui from JAXA and Oleg Platonov are preparing for a research mission on the orbiting lab. Watch the Crew-11 Mission Overview and Crew News Conference that were broadcast on YouTube today for more information.

Learn more about station activities by following the space station blog, @space_station on X, as well as the ISS Facebook and ISS Instagram accounts.

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Mark A. Garcia

Advances in NASA Imaging Changed How World Sees Mars

Advances in NASA Imaging Changed How World Sees Mars

6 min read

Preparations for Next Moonwalk Simulations Underway (and Underwater)

NASA’s Mariner 4 captured the first-ever close-up image of Mars on July 14, 1965 with inset
NASA’s Mariner 4 captured the first-ever close-up image of Mars on July 14, 1965. While waiting for the data to be processed into the image (inset at right), team members hand-colored strips of paper that the data was printed on, assigning hues to value ranges. The result is on display at JPL.
NASA/JPL-Caltech

Sixty years ago, NASA’s Mariner 4 captured groundbreaking views of the Red Planet, leading to a steady stream of advances in the cameras used to study other worlds.

In 1965, NASA’s Mariner 4 mission brought Mars into American living rooms, where TV sets showed fuzzy black-and-white images of a cratered landscape. The spacecraft took 21 complete pictures — the first ever captured of another planet — as it flew by as close as 6,118 miles (9,846 kilometers) above the surface.

The mission team couldn’t wait to see what the camera aboard the spacecraft would return. When the actual images were delayed, they went so far as to create a color-by-numbers image, assigning hues to specific values in the data.

Their handiwork wasn’t far off, and the barren landscape Mariner 4 captured ignited the imaginations of future scientists and engineers who would go on to work on a succession of missions, each revealing Mars in a way it had never been seen before.

Millions of Mars images have been taken since then, many of which are captivating in their own way. The images that follow highlight some of the “firsts” in the way the agency has used imaging to help unlock the secrets of Mars.

Viking 1 Sets Foot on Mars

July 20, 1976

This historic image — the first from the surface of Mars
This historic image — the first from the surface of Mars — confirmed that NASA’s Viking 1 lander had become the first spacecraft to touch down on the Red Planet on July 20, 1976.
NASA/JPL-Caltech

Viking 1 became the first spacecraft to touch down on Mars on July 20, 1976. The first high-resolution image it sent to Earth captured a dry, rocky landscape that dashed any hope among scientists of discovering life on the surface. But the crisp images that followed from the lander’s 360-degree cylindrical scan camera underscored the scientific value of seeing Mars from the ground and generated excitement for a more ambitious visit: a robotic spacecraft that could drive across this alien world.

Portrait of Mars by Viking 1 Orbiter

1980

Portrait of Mars
NASA’s twin Viking landers didn’t travel alone. Two accompanying orbiters circled Mars to study it from above. The Viking 1 orbiter captured many images in 1980 that were combined to produce this view of Valles Marineris, the “Grand Canyon of Mars.”
NASA/JPL-Caltech/USGS

When the twin Viking landers arrived at Mars, each descended from an orbiter that used cameras to map Mars in a way Earth-based telescopes couldn’t. They began capturing images before the landers even touched down, continuing until 1980. That year, the Viking 1 orbiter captured images that were later stitched into a defining portrait of Valles Marineris — the “Grand Canyon of Mars.”

Sojourner Starts to Explore

July 5, 1997

NASA’s Sojourner rover on Mars
The size of a microwave oven, NASA’s Sojourner rover was the first spacecraft to drive on Mars, as seen in this image taken by NASA’s Pathfinder lander on July 5, 1997. The rover explored the Martian surface for 83 days, well beyond its planned seven-day mission.
NASA/JPL-Caltech

By the time NASA returned to the Martian surface in 1997 with the Pathfinder lander and its microwave-oven-size Sojourner rover, much had changed on Earth since Mariner 4’s images beamed to TV viewers: Now, the internet was bringing around-the-clock news to personal computers, allowing a young generation of space fans to witness the tentative first steps of a new form of planetary exploration. The panoramic images from the ground were the first since Viking and, as part of NASA’s “faster, better, cheaper” initiative, offered more detail and a comparatively lower cost.

Opportunity Spots Passing Dust Devil

March 31, 2016

Opportunity rover views a dust devil on Mars
NASA’s Spirit and Opportunity rovers crossed many miles of Martian terrain, capturing stunning vistas and passing dust devils along the way. The twins far outlasted their planned mission of 90 days: Spirit traveled the Red Planet for more than six years, while Opportunity journeyed for almost 15.
NASA/JPL-Caltech

In 2004, NASA’s golf-cart-size twin rovers Spirit and Opportunity set down on the Red Planet, beginning a new phase of Martian exploration. Equipped with both mast-mounted panoramic and arm-mounted microscopic imagers, the roving spacecraft let scientists, engineers, and the world discover new terrain each day. They captured colorful views of Martian vistas and revealed details of pebble-size “blueberries.” Mars was beginning to feel less like an unfamiliar world than a place with recognizable landmarks.

MRO’s HiRISE Views Victoria Crater

July 18, 2009

More advanced orbiters have brought a different perspective of the Red Planet — especially NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, which uses its HiRISE camera to see surface features that appeared blurry in earlier images. Here, HiRISE views Victoria Crater.
NASA/JPL-Caltech/University of Arizona

Since Viking, a series of increasingly advanced orbiters have arrived at Mars with new science tools and cameras. Using increasingly sophisticated imagers, they have mapped the planet’s hills and valleys, identified significant minerals, and found buried glaciers. A camera that has been in operation aboard NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter since 2006, the High-Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) frequently captures individual dunes, boulders, and craters, as with this picture of Victoria Crater, revealing features that had been blurry in previous images. The camera has also identified landing sites and places where future rovers (perhaps even astronauts) could explore.

Curiosity, Perseverance Bring More Cameras and Color

Aug. 5, 2012 and Feb. 18, 2021




Curiosity
Perseverance

View of Mars from Curiosity rover
NASA/JPL-Caltech

NASA/JPL-Caltech

View of Mars from Curiosity rover
NASA/JPL-Caltech

NASA/JPL-Caltech


Curiosity

Perseverance

More Cameras, More Color


NASA’s Curiosity and Perseverance rovers each brought more cameras — and more color — to the Martian surface. One example are the hazard-avoidance cameras, which are black-and-white on Curiosity, left, and higher-resolution color on Perseverance. NASA/JPL-Caltech

Both Curiosity and Perseverance arrived at Mars (in 2012 and 2021, respectively) loaded with cameras that pack millions of pixels into their images and peer farther into the distance than Spirit or Opportunity ever could. They also feature upgraded arm-mounted cameras for studying fine details like sand particles and rock textures. Perseverance took a step beyond Curiosity in several ways, including with high-speed cameras that showed its parachute deploying and its rocket-powered jetpack flying away during entry, descent, and landing on Mars. Another advance can be seen in each vehicle’s hazard-avoidance cameras, which help rover drivers spot rocks they might bump into. As seen in the first images each rover sent back, Curiosity’s black-and-white cameras were upgraded to color and higher resolution for Perseverance, providing clearer views of the surface.

Ingenuity Spots Perseverance at Belva Crater

Aug. 22, 2023

View of Mars taken from Ingenuity
NASA’s Perseverance landed along with the Ingenuity helicopter, which proved flight in Mars’ thin atmosphere was possible. This view from Ingenuity — taken from an altitude of about 40 feet (12 meters) during its 51st flight — includes the rover, visible as a whitish speck at upper left.
NASA/JPL-Caltech

Just as Pathfinder brought the tiny Sojourner rover to Mars, NASA’s next-generation Perseverance rover carried the Ingenuity helicopter. Along with proving flight in Mars’ thin air was possible, Ingenuity used a commercial, off-the-shelf color camera to take aerial views over the course of 72 flights. During one of those flights, Ingenuity even spotted Perseverance in the distance — another first on the Red Planet. Future Mars helicopters might be able to scout paths ahead and find scientifically interesting sites for robots and astronauts alike.

More About These Missions

NASA JPL, which is managed for the agency by Caltech in Pasadena, California, built Mariner 4, the Viking 1 and 2 orbiters, Pathfinder, Sojourner, Spirit and Opportunity, Curiosity, Perseverance, and Ingenuity. It continues to operate Curiosity and Perseverance.

Lockheed Martin Space in Denver built MRO and supports its operations, while JPL manages the mission. The University of Arizona, in Tucson, operates HiRISE, which was built by BAE Systems, in Boulder, Colorado.

The Viking 1 and 2 landers were built by Martin Marietta; the Viking program was managed by NASA’s Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia. JPL led operations for the Viking landers and orbiters.

News Media Contacts

Andrew Good
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif.
818-393-2433
andrew.c.good@jpl.nasa.gov

Karen Fox / Molly Wasser
NASA Headquarters, Washington
202-358-1600
karen.c.fox@nasa.gov / molly.l.wasser@nasa.gov

2025-088

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Anthony Greicius

NASA Astronaut Shannon Walker Retires

NASA Astronaut Shannon Walker Retires

Astronaut on International Space Station working on science experiments
NASA astronaut Shannon Walker on the International Space Station

NASA astronaut Shannon Walker retired July 10, concluding a career that spanned 38 years, including 30 years of federal service and more than 21 years as an astronaut. During two spaceflights, she spent 330 days in orbit, contributing to hundreds of scientific experiments and technology demonstrations for the benefit of humanity.

Walker served as a mission specialist during NASA’s SpaceX Crew-1 mission to the International Space Station in 2020, the first crewed operational Dragon spacecraft flight. She also was the first woman to fly aboard a Dragon spacecraft. Once aboard the orbiting laboratory, Walker joined the Expedition 64/65 crew and briefly commanded Expedition 65, logging 167 days in space before returning to Earth in May 2021.

She spent 163 days in space during her first spaceflight in 2010 as a member of the space station’s Expedition 24/25 crew. She was the pilot of the Soyuz TMA-19, which became the first crew to dock with the station’s Rassvet module.

“Shannon’s dedication to human space exploration has left an incredible impact, not just here in Houston, but across the industry,” said Steve Koerner, acting director of NASA’s Johnson Space Center in Houston. “Her leadership and guidance will be missed immensely, but she leaves behind a legacy of excellence that will continue to inspire the next generation of explorers for decades to come.”

Most recently, Walker served as the deputy chief of the Astronaut Office. She also oversaw the 2021 class of astronaut candidates, supervising their training and graduation in 2024.

“Shannon and I were a part of the same astronaut class back when we first started,” said Joe Acaba, chief of the Astronaut Office at NASA Johnson. “She has been a great friend to me ever since and a great leader within the Astronaut Office. I could not imagine a better partner by my side when, nearly 20 years later, we’d become chief and deputy chief. She has undoubtedly been a positive influence on this office, and her retirement is well-deserved.”

Walker began her career as a flight controller in the Mission Control Center at NASA Johnson, supporting several shuttle missions. She next worked in the International Space Station Program Office, helping to develop, build, and integrate hardware for the space station. In the early days of the space station, she returned to mission control, leading the engineering team responsible for the space station’s technical health.

She was selected as an astronaut in 2004. After completing her initial two years of training, she served as a crew support astronaut and worked as a capsule communicator, or capcom. She also held leadership positions within the several branches of the Astronaut Office focused on International Space Station operations, crew Soyuz missions, and supporting astronauts with flight assignments. She also commanded the NASA Extreme Environment Mission Operations project, or NEEMO 15 underwater mission.

“I had always known I wanted to be an astronaut when I grew up, but looking back on the past 38 years, I never would have imagined how many adventures my career would take me on,” said Walker. “I feel fortunate to have been able to work with people all over the world in the pursuit of space exploration. I have seen a lot of change in the evolution of human spaceflight, and I know the future is in good hands with all the talented people we have here and the generations yet to come.”

The Houston native attended Rice University in her hometown, where she earned a bachelor’s degree in physics, followed by a master’s degree and doctorate in space physics.

Learn more about how NASA explores the unknown and innovates for the benefit of humanity at:  https://www.nasa.gov/

-end-

Chelsey Ballarte

Johnson Space Center, Houston

281-483-5111

Chelsey.n.ballarte@nasa.gov

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Wendy K. Avedisian