The Universe’s Brightest Lights Have Some Dark Origins

The Universe’s Brightest Lights Have Some Dark Origins

Did you know some of the brightest sources of light in the sky come from the regions around black holes in the centers of galaxies? It sounds a little contradictory, but it’s true! They may not look bright to our eyes, but satellites have spotted oodles of them across the universe. 

One of those satellites is NASA’s Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope. Fermi has found thousands of these kinds of galaxies since it launched in 2008, and there are many more out there!

Watch a cosmic gamma-ray fireworks show in this animation using just a year of data from the Large Area Telescope (LAT) aboard NASA’s Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope. Each object’s magenta circle grows as it brightens and shrinks as it dims. The yellow circle represents the Sun following its apparent annual path across the sky. The animation shows a subset of the LAT gamma-ray records available for more than 1,500 objects in a continually updated repository. Over 90% of these sources are a type of galaxy called a blazar, powered by the activity of a supermassive black hole.
NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center/Daniel Kocevski

Black holes are regions of space that have so much gravity that nothing — not light, not particles, nada — can escape. Most galaxies have supermassive black holes at their centers, and these black holes are hundreds of thousands to billions of times the mass of our Sun. In active galactic nuclei (also called “AGN” for short, or just “active galaxies”) the central region is stuffed with gas and dust that’s constantly falling toward the black hole. As the gas and dust fall, they start to spin and form a disk. Because of the friction and other forces at work, the spinning disk starts to heat up.

Composite image of Markarian 573 in X-ray, radio, and visible light.
This composite view of the active galaxy Markarian 573 combines X-ray data (blue) from NASA’s Chandra X-ray Observatory and radio observations (purple) from the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array in New Mexico with a visible light image (gold) from the Hubble Space Telescope. Markarian 573 is an active galaxy that has two cones of emission streaming away from the supermassive black hole at its center.
X-ray: NASA/CXC/SAO/A.Paggi et al; Optical: NASA/STScI; Radio: NSF/NRAO/VLA

The disk’s heat gets emitted as light, but not just wavelengths of it that we can see with our eyes. We detect light from AGN across the entire electromagnetic spectrum, from the more familiar radio and optical waves through to the more exotic X-rays and gamma rays, which we need special telescopes to spot.
 

An artist’s concept showing the black hole at the center of an active galaxy with a disk of material falling in toward the black hole and a jet accelerated away.
In the heart of an active galaxy, matter falling toward a supermassive black hole creates jets of particles traveling near the speed of light as shown in this artist’s concept.
NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center Conceptual Image Lab

About one in 10 AGN beam out jets of energetic particles, which are traveling almost as fast as light. Scientists are studying these jets to try to understand how black holes — which pull everything in with their huge amounts of gravity — somehow provide the energy needed to propel the particles in these jets.

Side-by-side artist’s concepts of active galaxy TXS 0128+554 as viewed at two different angles.
This artist’s concept shows two views of the active galaxy TXS 0128+554, located around 500 million light-years away. Left: The galaxy’s central jets appear as they would if we viewed them both at the same angle. The black hole, embedded in a disk of dust and gas, launches a pair of particle jets traveling at nearly the speed of light. Scientists think gamma rays (magenta) detected by NASA’s Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope originate from the base of these jets. As the jets collide with material surrounding the galaxy, they form identical lobes seen at radio wavelengths (orange). The jets experienced two distinct bouts of activity, which created the gap between the lobes and the black hole. Right: The galaxy appears in its actual orientation, with its jets tipped out of our line of sight by about 50 degrees.
NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center

Many of the ways we tell one type of AGN from another depend on how they’re oriented from our point of view. With radio galaxies, for example, we see the jets from the side as they’re beaming vast amounts of energy into space. Then there’s blazars, which are a type of AGN that have a jet that is pointed almost directly at Earth, which makes the AGN particularly bright. 

Gamma-ray image of galaxy 3C 279 during a flare in June 2015 as seen by the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope
Blazar 3C 279’s historic gamma-ray flare in 2015 can be seen in this image from the Large Area Telescope on NASA’s Fermi satellite. During the flare, the blazar outshone the Vela pulsar, usually the brightest object in the gamma-ray sky.
NASA/DOE/Fermi LAT Collaboration

Fermi has been searching the sky for gamma ray sources since 2008. More than half of the sources it has found have been blazars. Gamma rays are useful because they can tell us a lot about how particles accelerate and how they interact with their environment.

So why do we care about AGN? We know that some AGN formed early in the history of the universe. With their enormous power, they almost certainly affected how the universe changed over time. By discovering how AGN work, we can understand better how the universe came to be the way it is now.

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Last Updated
Apr 30, 2025
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NASA, International Astronauts to Connect with Students in Texas

NASA, International Astronauts to Connect with Students in Texas

Expedition 72 Flight Engineers Takuya Onishi from JAXA (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency) and NASA astronauts Anne McClain, Nichole Ayers, and Don Pettit pose while inside the vestibule between the International Space Station's Unity module and the Cygnus space freighter.
Expedition 72 Flight Engineers Takuya Onishi from JAXA (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency) and NASA astronauts Anne McClain, Nichole Ayers, and Don Pettit pose while inside the vestibule between the International Space Station’s Unity module and the Cygnus space freighter.
NASA

NASA astronaut Nichole Ayers and JAXA (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency) astronaut Takuya Onishi will answer prerecorded questions about science, technology, engineering, and mathematics from students in Mansfield, Texas, while aboard the International Space Station.

The 20-minute space-to-Earth call will take place at 10:40 a.m. EDT on Monday, May 5, and can be watched on the NASA STEM YouTube Channel.

Media interested in covering the event must RSVP no later than 5 p.m., Friday, May 2 by contacting Laura Jobe at laurajobe@misdmail.org or 817-299-6300.

The event, hosted by Mansfield Independent School District, also will have students present from Brenda Norwood Elementary, Alma Martinez Intermediate, Charlene McKinzey Middle, Jerry Knight and Frontier STEM Academies in Mansfield. This opportunity will allow the students to relate what they have learned about space travel to personal experiences.

For more than 24 years, astronauts have continuously lived and worked aboard the space station, testing technologies, performing science, and developing skills needed to explore farther from Earth. Astronauts aboard the orbiting laboratory communicate with NASA’s Mission Control Center in Houston 24 hours a day through SCaN’s (Space Communications and Navigation) Near Space Network.

Important research and technology investigations taking place aboard the space station benefit people on Earth and lays the groundwork for other agency missions. As part of NASA’s Artemis campaign, the agency will send astronauts to the Moon to prepare for future human exploration of Mars; inspiring Artemis Generation explorers and ensuring the United States continues to lead in space exploration and discovery.

See videos of astronauts aboard the space station at:

https://www.nasa.gov/stemonstation

-end-

Gerelle Dodson
Headquarters, Washington
202-358-1600
gerelle.q.dodson@nasa.gov

Sandra Jones
Johnson Space Center, Houston
281-483-5111
sandra.p.jones@nasa.gov

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Gerelle Q. Dodson

¿Qué es una caminata espacial? (Grados 5.o a 8.o)

¿Qué es una caminata espacial? (Grados 5.o a 8.o)

Este artículo es para estudiantes de 5.o a 8.o grado.

Cada vez que un astronauta sale de un vehículo espacial, se dice que hace una actividad extravehicular (EVA, por sus siglas en inglés). A esto también se le llama caminata espacial.

El astronauta ruso Alexei Leonov hizo la primera caminata espacial el 18 de marzo de 1965. La primera caminata espacial duró 10 minutos.

El astronauta Ed White hizo la primera caminata espacial de un estadounidense durante la misión Géminis 4, el 3 de junio de 1965. La caminata espacial de White duró 23 minutos.

Spacewalking astronaut on untethered spacewalk surrounded by empty space with Earth below

Hoy en día, las caminatas espaciales se hacen en el exterior de la Estación Espacial Internacional (EEI). Las caminatas espaciales suelen durar entre cinco y ocho horas, según el trabajo a realizar.

El récord mundial de más caminatas espaciales lo tiene el cosmonauta ruso Anatoly Solovyev. Hizo 16 caminatas espaciales por un total de más de 82 horas en el espacio exterior. Cuatro astronautas de la NASA tienen un empate para la mayor cantidad de caminatas espaciales. Michael López-Alegría (Mike L.A.), Peggy Whitson, Bob Behnken y Chris Cassidy han hecho 10 caminatas espaciales cada uno. Mike L.A. tiene el récord de Estados Unidos para la mayor cantidad de tiempo en caminatas espaciales. Su total es de más de 67 horas.

¿Por qué los astronautas llevan a cabo caminatas espaciales?

Los astronautas hacen caminatas espaciales por muchas razones. Las caminatas espaciales permiten a los astronautas trabajar fuera de su nave espacial mientras aún están en el espacio. Un trabajo que hacen los astronautas en una caminata espacial son los experimentos científicos. Se pueden sujetar experimentos en el exterior de una nave espacial para ver cómo el entorno espacial afecta diferentes objetos. Los astronautas colocan los experimentos fuera de la nave espacial durante una caminata espacial. Vuelven a salir para recuperar los experimentos cuando terminan.

Los astronautas también pueden poner a prueba nuevos equipos y reparar los satélites o sus naves espaciales mientras están en órbita. Al hacer caminatas espaciales, los astronautas pueden reparar equipos que, de otro modo, tendrían que ser devueltos a la Tierra para su reparación.

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Palabras que debes saber

radiación: una forma de energía que se emite, o transmite, en forma de rayos, ondas electromagnéticas o partículas

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¿Cómo hacen los astronautas las caminatas espaciales?

Cuando los astronautas hacen caminatas espaciales, usan trajes espaciales. Los trajes espaciales los protegen del duro entorno del espacio. Protegen a los astronautas de las temperaturas extremas de calor y frío, del dañino polvo espacial y de la radiación. Los trajes espaciales también les dan a los astronautas oxígeno para respirar y agua para beber durante las caminatas espaciales.

Los astronautas se visten con sus trajes espaciales varias horas antes de hacer una caminata espacial. Los trajes están presurizados. Esto significa que los trajes están llenos de oxígeno. Los trajes espaciales están presurizados para mantener los fluidos del cuerpo en estado líquido.

Una vez que tienen puestos sus trajes, los astronautas respiran oxígeno al 100% durante varias horas hasta que todo el nitrógeno sale de su cuerpo. Tener nitrógeno en el cuerpo durante una caminata espacial puede hacer que se formen burbujas de gas en el cuerpo. Estas burbujas de gas pueden hacer que los astronautas sientan dolor en articulaciones como los hombros, los codos, las muñecas y las rodillas. Esta condición se llama “enfermedad de los buzos” o síndrome de descompresión. La misma condición puede afectar a los buceadores que usan tanques de oxígeno para respirar debajo del agua.

Los astronautas ahora están listos para salir de la nave espacial. Salen de la nave espacial a través de una puerta especial llamada compuerta de aire. La compuerta de aire tiene dos puertas. Cuando los astronautas están dentro de la nave espacial, la compuerta de aire es hermética, lo que significa que no puede salir el aire. Cuando los astronautas se preparan para salir a una caminata espacial, pasan por la primera puerta y la cierran herméticamente detrás de ellos. Luego pueden abrir la segunda puerta sin que el aire se escape de la nave espacial. Después de una caminata espacial, los astronautas regresan al interior a través de la compuerta de aire. Cuando un astronauta se quita el traje espacial, se dice que sale del traje.

Los astronautas usan pasamanos en la estación espacial para desplazarse de un lugar a otro. A veces, se usa un gran brazo robótico para mover a los astronautas en las caminatas espaciales. Los astronautas están sujetos al brazo robótico con una correa para los pies.

Los astronautas ahora están listos para salir de la nave espacial. Salen de la nave espacial por una puerta especial llamada compuerta de aire. La compuerta de aire tiene dos puertas. Cuando los astronautas están dentro de la nave espacial, la compuerta de aire es hermética, lo que significa que no puede salir el aire. Cuando los astronautas se preparan para salir a una caminata espacial, pasan por la primera puerta y la cierran herméticamente detrás de ellos. Luego pueden abrir la segunda puerta sin que el aire se salga de la nave espacial. Después de una caminata espacial, los astronautas regresan al interior a través de la compuerta de aire.

¿Cómo se mantienen seguros los astronautas durante las caminatas espaciales?

Cuando hacen una caminata espacial, los astronautas usan correas de seguridad para sujetarse a su nave espacial. Las correas son como cuerdas. Un extremo está enganchado al caminante espacial. El otro extremo está conectado al vehículo. Las correas de seguridad evitan que los astronautas se alejen flotando en el espacio. Los astronautas también usan correas para evitar que las herramientas se alejen flotando. Atan las herramientas a sus trajes espaciales con correas.

Otra forma en que los astronautas se mantienen seguros durante las caminatas espaciales es usando una mochila llamada SAFER. SAFER son las siglas en inglés de Ayuda Simplificada para Rescate en Actividad Extravehicular. El SAFER se usa como una mochila. Utiliza pequeños propulsores a reacción para permitir que el astronauta se desplace por el espacio. Si un astronauta se soltara y se alejara flotando, SAFER le ayudaría a volar de regreso a la nave espacial. Los astronautas controlan SAFER con una pequeña palanca de mando.

¿Cómo entrenan los astronautas para las caminatas espaciales?

Una forma en que los astronautas se entrenan para las caminatas espaciales es nadando. Flotar en el espacio es muy parecido a flotar en el agua. Los astronautas practican las caminatas espaciales debajo del agua en una gran piscina cerca del Centro Espacial Johnson de la NASA en Houston, Texas.

La piscina se llama Laboratorio de Flotabilidad Neutral (NBL, por sus siglas en inglés). La piscina tiene capacidad para unos 23,5 millones de litros (6,2 millones de galones) de agua. Por cada hora que pasen en una caminata espacial, los astronautas deben entrenar siete horas en la piscina del NBL.

Otra forma en que los astronautas practican para una caminata espacial es utilizando la realidad virtual. Los astronautas usan un casco que tiene una pantalla de video dentro y guantes especiales. En la pantalla dentro del casco se muestra un video de la simulación. Los guantes especiales permiten mostrar los movimientos de los astronautas con el video. La simulación de realidad virtual se ve y se siente como una caminata espacial.

NASA astronauts Steve Swanson and Scott Tingle participate in a spacewalk training session

Read this article in English here: What Is a Spacewalk? (Grades 5-8)

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Sandra May

NASA Completes Kuiper Deconstruction, Plans for Display

NASA Completes Kuiper Deconstruction, Plans for Display

A large, partially disassembled aircraft
A Volvo Crawler Excavator severs the airframe, separating the tail section from the fuselage, of the modified C-141 Kuiper Airborne Observatory at Moffett Field, California.
NASA

The planned deconstruction, disposal, and preservation of historic parts of NASA’s decommissioned Kuiper Airborne Observatory is complete. Part of the airborne astronomy legacy of NASA’s Ames Research Center in California’s Silicon Valley, Kuiper conducted more than two decades of astronomical observations from 1975 to 1995. Later this year, the Kuiper cockpit will go on display at the Pima Air & Space Museum in Pima, Arizona, where NASA’s retired SOFIA (Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy) aircraft is located, while its telescope will go on display at the Moffett Field Museum in the NASA Research Park.

Author: Cara Dodge

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Gianine Figliozzi

NASA Kicks Off Biological Research Aboard Space Station

NASA Kicks Off Biological Research Aboard Space Station

Crew members are kicking off operations for several biological experiments that recently launched to the International Space Station aboard NASA’s 32nd SpaceX commercial resupply services mission. These include examining how microgravity affects production of protein by microalgae, testing a microscope to capture microbial activity, and studying genetic activity in biofilms.

Microalgae in microgravity

This image looks down on a white bowl filled with a creamy, slightly off-white substance and a metal ice cream scoop holding a ball of it. Next to the bowl is a smaller jar containing a coarse white powder.
Sophie’s BioNutrients

This ice cream is one of several products made with a protein powder created from Chorella microalgae by researchers for the SOPHONSTER investigation, which looks at whether the stress of microgravity affects the algae’s protein yield. Microalgae are nutrient dense and produce proteins with essential amino acids, beneficial fatty acids, B vitamins, iron, and fiber. These organisms also can be used to make fuel, cooking oil, medications, and materials. Learning more about microalgae growth and protein production in space could support development of sustainable alternatives to meat and dairy. Such alternatives could provide a food source on future space voyages and for people on Earth and be used to make biofuels and bioactive compounds in medicines.

Microscopic motion

Multiple oval-shaped microorganisms move randomly about in this black and white image, sometimes creating ripples, bumping into each other, and moving into and out of the image.
Portland State University

These swimming microalgae are visible thanks to the Extant Life Volumetric Imaging System or ELVIS, a fluorescent 3D imaging microscope that researchers are testing aboard the International Space Station. The investigation studies both active behaviors and genetic changes of microscopic algae and marine bacteria in response to spaceflight. ELVIS is designed to autonomously capture microscopic motion in 3D, a capability not currently available on the station. The technology could be useful for a variety of research in space and on Earth, such as monitoring water quality and detecting potentially infectious organisms.

Genetics of biofilms

A rack with eight clear tubes lies flat on a white sheet of plastic. Hands in black gloves hold on to the upper right and lower left of the rack. In the background are two pink containers, a clear plastic sleeve with a small silver item in it, and several blue plastic caps.
BioServe

This preflight image shows sample chambers for the Genetic Exchange in Microgravity for Biofilm Bioremediation (GEM-B2) investigation, which examines the mechanisms of gene transfer within biofilms under microgravity conditions. Biofilms are communities of microorganisms that collect and bind to a surface. They can clog and foul water systems, often leave a residue that can cause infections, and may become resistant to antibiotics. Researchers could use results from this work to develop genetic manipulations that inhibit biofilm formation, helping to maintain crew health and safety aboard the International Space Station and on future missions.

Learn more about microgravity research and technology development aboard the space station on this webpage.

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Christian M. Getteau