Hubble Seeks Clusters in ‘Lost Galaxy’

Hubble Seeks Clusters in ‘Lost Galaxy’

A close-in view of a spiral galaxy that faces the viewer. Brightly lit spiral arms swing outward through the galaxy’s disk, starting from an elliptical region in its center. Thick strands of dark reddish dust spread across the disk, primarily along the spiral arms. The arms also contain many glowing, pink-red spots where stars form and clumps of bright-blue star clusters. Beyond its spiral arms, the galaxy is a bit fainter and speckled with blue stars.
ESA/Hubble & NASA, F. Belfiore, J. Lee and the PHANGS-HST Team

This NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope image features the spiral galaxy NGC 4535, which is situated about 50 million light-years away in the constellation Virgo (the Maiden). Through a small telescope, this galaxy appears extremely faint, giving it the nickname ‘Lost Galaxy’. With a mirror spanning nearly eight feet (2.4 meters) across and its location above Earth’s light-obscuring atmosphere, Hubble can easily observe dim galaxies like NGC 4535 and pick out features like its massive spiral arms and central bar of stars.

This image features NGC 4535’s young star clusters, which dot the galaxy’s spiral arms. Glowing-pink clouds surround many of these bright-blue star groupings. These clouds, called H II (‘H-two’) regions, are a sign that the galaxy is home to especially young, hot, and massive stars that blaze with high-energy radiation. Such massive stars shake up their surroundings by heating their birth clouds with powerful stellar winds, eventually exploding as supernovae.

The image incorporates data from an observing program designed to catalog roughly 50,000 H II regions in nearby star-forming galaxies like NGC 4535. Hubble released a previous image of NGC 4535 in 2021. Both the 2021 image and this new image incorporate observations from the PHANGS observing program, which seeks to understand the connections between young stars and cold gas. Today’s image adds a new dimension to our understanding of NGC 4535 by capturing the brilliant red glow of the nebulae that encircle massive stars in their first few million years of life.

Image credit: ESA/Hubble & NASA, F. Belfiore, J. Lee and the PHANGS-HST Team

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Monika Luabeya

Hazardous Material Summary Tables (HMSTs)

Hazardous Material Summary Tables (HMSTs)

3 min read

Preparations for Next Moonwalk Simulations Underway (and Underwater)

space toxicologist
A space toxicologist at NASA JSC.
NASA

Hazardous Materials Summary Tables (HMSTs) are a compilation of the chemical, biological, and flammability hazards of materials on a given flight or mission. HMSTs are required by Safety for all Programs, including but not limited to ISS, Commercial Crew Program (CCP), Multi Purpose Crew Vehicle (MPCV), and Gateway. Johnson Space Center (JSC) toxicologists evaluate the toxic hazard level of all liquids, gases, particles, or gels flown on or to any manned U.S. spacecraft. The biosafety hazard level and flammability levels are assigned by JSC microbiologists and materials experts and are documented in an HMST and in a computerized in-flight version of the HMST called the HazMat (Hazardous Materials) database.

How To Obtain Toxicological Hazard Assessments

“Requirements for Submission of Data Needed for Toxicological Assessment of Chemical and Biologicals to be Flown on Manned Spacecraft”

  • JSC 27472 (PDF, 766KB) defines the terms “chemicals” and “biological materials” as applied to items being flown on or to any U.S. spacecraft. It explains who must submit information to the JSC toxicologists concerning the materials to be flown and specifies what information is needed. It provides schedules, formats, and contact information.
  • Additional US requirements for biological materials can be found on the Biosafety Review Board (BRB) page.
  • Additional US requirements for environmental control and life support (ECLS) assessments can be found in JSC 66869 (PDF, 698KB).

Data Submission

For all flights to ISS and all Artemis requests (Orion, Gateway, Human Lander System (HLS)), please submit data via the electronic hazardous materials summary table (eHMST) tool. If you do not have access to this tool, please submit a NAMS request for access to JSC – CMC External Tools. Please reference eHMST training for more information

NOTE:  For experimental payloads/hardware planned for launch on a Russian vehicle, stowed and/or operated on the Russian Segment of ISS, or planned for return or disposal on a Russian vehicle, we strongly encourage payload providers to submit biological and chemical data to the Russian Institute for Biomedical Problems (moukhamedieva@imbp.ru OR barantseva@imbp.ru).

Hazard Assessments

Toxicological hazard assessments are conducted according to JSC 26895 – Guidelines for Assessing the Toxic Hazard of Spacecraft Chemicals and Test Materials. The resulting Toxicity Hazard Level (THL) in combination with the BioSafety Level (BSL) and Flammability Hazard Level (FHL) form the basis for the combined Hazard Response Level (HRL) used for labeling and operational response per flight rule B20-16.

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Dec 03, 2025

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Robert E. Lewis

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Ahmed El-Rasheedy

Toxicology Analysis of Spacecraft Air

Toxicology Analysis of Spacecraft Air

4 min read

Preparations for Next Moonwalk Simulations Underway (and Underwater)

SpaceX Crew-1 uses a GSC en route to the ISS
SpaceX Crew-1 Pilot Victor Glover and Mission Specialist Shannon Walker work with a Grab Sample Container (GSC) in the SpaceX Crew Dragon Resilience spacecraft while en route to the ISS.
NASA

Toxicology and Environmental Chemistry (TEC) monitors airborne contaminants in both spacecraft air and water. In-flight monitors are employed to provide real-time insight into the environmental conditions on ISS. Archival samples are collected and returned to Earth for full characterization of ISS air and water.

Real-time in-flight air analytical instruments include the Air Quality Monitors (AQM), carbon dioxide (CO2 monitors), and a compound specific analyzer for combustion products (CSA-CP). Real-time in-flight water monitoring capabilities include the colorimetric water quality monitoring kit (CWQMK) and the ISS total organic carbon analyzer (TOCA).

Post-flight analyses are performed on archival samples of spacecraft air and water obtained at specific times and locations during a mission. Air archival samples are collected using “grab sample containers” (GSC) and formaldehyde badges. The U.S. and Russian water recovery systems on the ISS process atmospheric moisture (U.S. and Russian systems) and urine distillate (U.S. system only) into clean, potable water for the crew to use.  The Water Kit is utilized to collect archival samples of the potable water and are routinely returned to the ground to monitor the quality of the water produced by the systems.  Samples of condensate and wastewater are also collected and returned to check for the presence of contaminants that could break through the water recovery systems.   

Results of Post-Flight Analysis of In-Flight Air Samples  (Most Recent First)

    

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Dec 03, 2025

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Robert E. Lewis

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Ahmed El-Rasheedy

New Trio Gets Up to Speed With Station Life as Space Biology Continues

New Trio Gets Up to Speed With Station Life as Space Biology Continues

The Soyuz MS-28 crew spacecraft carrying NASA astronaut Chris Williams and Roscosmos cosmonauts Sergey Kud-Sverchkov and Sergei Mikaev approaches the International Space Station. Both spacecraft were orbiting 263 miles above the mountainous region in southern Morocco at the time of this photograph.
The Soyuz MS-28 crew spacecraft carrying NASA astronaut Chris Williams and Roscosmos cosmonauts Sergey Kud-Sverchkov and Sergei Mikaev approaches the International Space Station. Both spacecraft were orbiting 263 miles above the mountainous region in southern Morocco at the time of this photograph.
NASA

The International Space Station’s three newest crewmembers are getting used to living and working in microgravity. The rest of the Expedition 73 crew assisted the new trio while continuing an array of space biology research and orbital maintenance on Tuesday.

New Flight Engineer Chris Williams from NASA spent his shift on a variety of cargo and maintenance activities as he gets up to speed with life in weightlessness. The first-time space flyer joined veteran NASA astronaut Mike Fincke inside the Cygnus XL space freighter unpacking new science experiments and crew supplies and learning where to stow and how to organize the cargo throughout the station. He also joined NASA Flight Engineer Jonny Kim and inspected and cleaned the Enhanced European Exploration Exercise Device (E4D) located in the Columbus laboratory module. The E4D is being tested on the orbital outpost for its ability to provide bicycling, rowing, and resistance exercises to protect a crewmember’s muscles, bones, and heart health in microgravity.

Roscosmos Flight Engineers Sergey Kud-Sverchkov and Sergei Mikaev, who launched to space with Williams on Nov. 27 aboard the Soyuz MS-28 crew spacecraft, took turns wearing sensors and cuffs measuring how their microcirculatory system is adapting to low Earth orbit. The cosmonauts also collected their blood and saliva samples for processing, stowage, and analysis. Kud-Sverchkov, whose first spaceflight was on Oct. 14, 2021, also recorded his breathing rate and familiarized himself with station systems. Mikaev learned how to operate the advanced resistive exercise device (ARED), located in the Tranquility module, with assistance from veteran JAXA (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency) astronaut Kimiya Yui.

Fincke also checked out hardware that analyzes oxygen and carbon dioxide in the station’s environment and compared it to readings from other analytical devices. Kim photographed CubeSats that were deployed into Earth orbit from the NanoRacks CubeSat deployer for space technology research. Yui photographed and inspected biomedical hardware including ultrasound gear that uses augmented reality software and a muscle measurement device.

NASA Flight Engineer Zena Cardman started her shift working out on the ARED and exercise cycle while wearing the Bio-Monitor outfit consisting of a sensor-packed vest and headband that tracked her aerobic and cardiovascular activity. Next, she processed and stowed scientific samples in a science freezer for the CIPHER human research study that tracks an astronaut’s health before, during, and after a space mission.

The next crew to return to Earth — Kim and Roscosmos cosmonauts Sergey Ryzhikov and Alexey Zubritsky — is due to undock from the Rassvet module inside the Soyuz MS-27 crew spacecraft on Dec. 8. The trio will parachute to a landing inside the Soyuz descent module in Kazakhstan about three-and-a-half hours later ending an eight-month-long space research mission. Kim spent about an hour on Tuesday packing his personal items for return inside the Soyuz while Ryzhikov and Zubritsky practiced Soyuz descent maneuvers ahead of their departure. The two cosmonauts also tested the lower body negative pressure suit that may help their bodies adjust quicker to Earth’s gravity.

Roscosmos cosmonaut Oleg Platonov assisted his two crewmates with the lower body negative pressure suit operations. He also spent some time photographing other crew activities going on aboard the station before configuring a camera to automatically photograph Earth landmarks during the crew’s sleep period.

Learn more about station activities by following the space station blog, @space_station on X, as well as the ISS Facebook and ISS Instagram accounts.

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Mark A. Garcia

NASA Awards Lunar Freezer System Contract

NASA Awards Lunar Freezer System Contract

The letters NASA on a blue circle with red and white detail, all surrounded by a black background
Credit: NASA

NASA has selected the University of Alabama at Birmingham to provide the necessary systems required to return temperature sensitive science payloads to Earth from the Moon.

The Lunar Freezer System contract is an indefinite-delivery/indefinite-quantity award with cost-plus-fixed-fee delivery orders. The contract begins Thursday, Dec. 4, with a 66-month base period along with two optional periods that could extend the award through June 3, 2033. The contract has a total estimated value of $37 million.

Under the contract, the awardee will be responsible for providing safe, reliable, and cost-effective hardware and software systems NASA needs to maintain temperature-critical science materials, including lunar geological samples, human research samples, and biological experimentation samples, as they travel aboard Artemis spacecraft to Earth from the lunar surface. The awarded contractor was selected after a thorough evaluation by NASA engineers of the proposals submitted. NASA’s source selection authority made the selection after reviewing the evaluation material based on the evaluation criteria contained in the request for proposals.

For information about NASA and other agency programs, visit:

https://www.nasa.gov

-end-

Tiernan Doyle
Headquarters, Washington
202-358-1600
tiernan.doyle@nasa.gov  

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Tiernan P. Doyle