5 min read<\/p>\n
42 Years of Measuring the Sun, the Earth and the Energy in Between<\/h1>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\nBy Denise Lineberry<\/h5>\n\n\n\n![\"An](\"https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/explorer-1\/galleries\/images\/erbe.jpg?w=640&h=350&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint\")
<\/a><\/figure>\nNASA\u2019s Earth Radiation Budget Satellite (ERBS), a part of the NASA\u2019s three satellite Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE), was designed to investigate how energy from the Sun is absorbed and re-emitted by the Earth.<\/div>\n<\/figcaption><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\nOn Jan. 31, 1958, Explorer 1 became the first satellite launched by the United States. Its primary science instrument, a cosmic ray detector, was designed to measure the radiation environment in Earth orbit. Though its final transmission was in May 1958, it continued to revolve around Earth more than 58,000 times. As those looping orbits continued, NASA was busy building other ground-breaking instruments to observe and better understand Earth\u2019s systems.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\nBy 1975, just five years after Explorer 1 burned up as it entered Earth\u2019s atmosphere, NASA\u2019s first Nimbus instrument launched, providing the first global, direct observations of the amount of solar radiation entering and exiting Earth. This helped confirm and improve the earliest climate models and laid the groundwork for NASA\u2019s Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE).<\/p>\n
<\/div>\nBy the 1970s, the ERBE team was beginning to plan for the next phase of Earth Radiation Budget measurements. Retired experiment scientist for ERBE, Bruce Barkstrom, recalled the very first ERBE science team meeting involved a full day of attempting to determine exactly where the top of the atmosphere was. After much debate, they assigned one person at NASA\u2019s Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia, to develop the number, which ended up being about 18 miles (30 kilometers) above the sphere that forms the Earth.<\/p>\n
<\/div>\n\u201cThat was the level of detail we had to get into as a science team,\u201d Barkstrom said.<\/p>\n
<\/div>\nIn October 1984, ERBE launched aboard NASA\u2019s Earth Radiation Budget Satellite (ERBS) from the space shuttle Challenger (STS-41G).<\/p>\n
<\/div>\n\u201cWe had to get up at 3:30 a.m. to watch the ERBS launch at 7:30 a.m., and what I remember about that particular morning was that we had an overcast sky. And when the shuttle lit up, it was such a bright exhaust that it lit up the whole sky from underneath,\u201d Barkstrom recalled. \u201cAnd then, of course, the shuttle went through the clouds, and the light dimmed, and probably about a minute later the sky lit up again because the sun was reflected off the exhaust.<\/p>\n
<\/div>\n\u201cIt\u2019s impossible for me to describe this without getting a little emotional.\u201d<\/p>\n
\n\n\n![\"erbe_team\"](\"https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/explorer-1\/erbe_team.jpg?w=640&h=350&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint\")
<\/a><\/figure>\nEarly leaders in NASA\u2019s CERES (Clouds and the Earth\u2019s Radiant Energy System) mission, including former Principal Investigators Bruce Wielicki and Bruce Barkstrom, used knowledge gathered from Nimbus and ERBE to formulate and execute a long-term satellite-based study of the role that cloud\u2019s play in Earth\u2019s Radiation Energy System. The seventh and final CERES Flight Model-6 achieved \u2018first light\u2019 in January 2018.<\/div>\n<\/figcaption><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\nFor 10 years, ERBE provided invaluable data for scientists studying the energy interactions between the Sun, clouds and Earth. Its satellite measurements have provided new information on Earth\u2019s radiation at the top of the atmosphere, including the important radiative effects of clouds on incoming and outgoing energy in the overall process.<\/p>\n
<\/div>\nIn the late 1980s, satellite instruments provided the first direct observation that clouds cooled Earth\u2019s climate. Former CERES Principal Investigator Bruce Wielicki developed an algorithm to apply to Nimbus and ERBE models to help quantify cloud forcing \u2014 the difference between the radiation budget components for average cloud conditions and cloud-free conditions.<\/p>\n
<\/div>\nWith new knowledge about the important role that clouds play in Earth\u2019s energy budget, the science team was anxious to gather more data. In 1997, the first in a new series of instruments, the Clouds and the Earth\u2019s Radiant Energy System (CERES), launched, extending the important ERBE measurements.<\/p>\n
<\/div>\nSix other CERES instruments have since been activated in space to measure the solar energy reflected by Earth, the heat the planet emits, and the role of clouds in that process.<\/p>\n
<\/div>\n\u201cThe CERES instrument is small, it\u2019s very elegant, it\u2019s probably the most accurate radiometry that NASA has flown,\u201d said CERES Principal Investigator Kory Priestley. \u201cWe\u2019re trying to build the next generation of instrument now to meet the same requirements.\u201d<\/p>\n
<\/div>\nThe seventh and final CERES instrument launched aboard NOAA\u2019s Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS)-1 in November 2017. It has since been activated and first light is expected in January 2018.<\/p>\n
<\/div>\nFor 42 years, NASA has observed Earth\u2019s energy budget. NASA Langley\u2019s Earth Radiation Budget Science Team is the only group producing ERB data globally. Though our understanding of Earth\u2019s energy budget and the technology used to gather data has taken massive strides since Explorer 1 and Nimbus, that understanding is ever-evolving.<\/p>\n
<\/div>\n\u201cWith Earth observations, you never complete your understanding, so you\u2019re always at the mercy of somebody discovering some new things,\u201d Barkstrom said. \u201cIf you\u2019re dealing with observational science, you never have that final escape into absolute certainty where you\u2019ll never have to change things.\u201d<\/p>\n
<\/div>\nWhy Measure Earth\u2019s Energy Budget?<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/div>\nAccording to Barkstrom, attempts to understand the radiation budget started in about 1880. Earth\u2019s energy budget is a metaphor for the delicate equilibrium between energy from the Sun versus energy radiated back into space. Continuous, stable and accurate data records over decades are critical to understanding Earth\u2019s energy balance.<\/p>\n
<\/div>\nThe data collected improve models that provide seasonal and longer-term forecasts, which inform industry and policy makers to better plan for the future.<\/p>\n
<\/div>\nThe Latest<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/div>\nNASA\u2019s Total and Spectral Solar Irradiance Sensor (TSIS)-1 is currently on the International Space Station in a mission to measure the Sun\u2019s energy input to Earth.<\/p>\n
<\/div>\nVarious satellites have captured a continuous record of this solar energy input since 1978. TSIS-1 sensors advance previous measurements, enabling scientists to study the Sun\u2019s natural influence on Earth\u2019s ozone layer, atmospheric circulation, clouds and ecosystems.<\/p>\n
<\/div>\nThese observations are essential for a scientific understanding of the effects of solar variability on the Earth system.<\/p>\n
\n\n\n\n\t\t\t\tAbout the Missions: ERBE and CERES\t\t\t<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n![\"erbefull_for](\"https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/explorer-1\/erbefull.png?w=1152&h=860&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint\")
<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\nERBE<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\nThe radiation budget represents the balance between incoming energy from the Sun and outgoing thermal (longwave) and reflected (shortwave) energy from the Earth. In the 1970s, NASA recognized the importance of improving our understanding of the radiation budget and its effects on Earth\u2019s climate. Langley Research Center was charged with developing a new generation of instrumentation to make accurate regional and global measurements of the components of the radiation budget. The Goddard Space Flight Center built the Earth Radiation Budget Satellite (ERBS) on which the first Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) instruments were launched by the Space Shuttle Challenger in 1984. ERBE instruments were also launched on two National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration weather monitoring satellites, NOAA 9 and NOAA 10, in 1984 and 1986.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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<\/a><\/figure>On Jan. 31, 1958, Explorer 1 became the first satellite launched by the United States. Its primary science instrument, a cosmic ray detector, was designed to measure the radiation environment in Earth orbit. Though its final transmission was in May 1958, it continued to revolve around Earth more than 58,000 times. As those looping orbits continued, NASA was busy building other ground-breaking instruments to observe and better understand Earth\u2019s systems.<\/em><\/p>\n By 1975, just five years after Explorer 1 burned up as it entered Earth\u2019s atmosphere, NASA\u2019s first Nimbus instrument launched, providing the first global, direct observations of the amount of solar radiation entering and exiting Earth. This helped confirm and improve the earliest climate models and laid the groundwork for NASA\u2019s Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE).<\/p>\n By the 1970s, the ERBE team was beginning to plan for the next phase of Earth Radiation Budget measurements. Retired experiment scientist for ERBE, Bruce Barkstrom, recalled the very first ERBE science team meeting involved a full day of attempting to determine exactly where the top of the atmosphere was. After much debate, they assigned one person at NASA\u2019s Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia, to develop the number, which ended up being about 18 miles (30 kilometers) above the sphere that forms the Earth.<\/p>\n \u201cThat was the level of detail we had to get into as a science team,\u201d Barkstrom said.<\/p>\n In October 1984, ERBE launched aboard NASA\u2019s Earth Radiation Budget Satellite (ERBS) from the space shuttle Challenger (STS-41G).<\/p>\n \u201cWe had to get up at 3:30 a.m. to watch the ERBS launch at 7:30 a.m., and what I remember about that particular morning was that we had an overcast sky. And when the shuttle lit up, it was such a bright exhaust that it lit up the whole sky from underneath,\u201d Barkstrom recalled. \u201cAnd then, of course, the shuttle went through the clouds, and the light dimmed, and probably about a minute later the sky lit up again because the sun was reflected off the exhaust.<\/p>\n \u201cIt\u2019s impossible for me to describe this without getting a little emotional.\u201d<\/p>\n For 10 years, ERBE provided invaluable data for scientists studying the energy interactions between the Sun, clouds and Earth. Its satellite measurements have provided new information on Earth\u2019s radiation at the top of the atmosphere, including the important radiative effects of clouds on incoming and outgoing energy in the overall process.<\/p>\n In the late 1980s, satellite instruments provided the first direct observation that clouds cooled Earth\u2019s climate. Former CERES Principal Investigator Bruce Wielicki developed an algorithm to apply to Nimbus and ERBE models to help quantify cloud forcing \u2014 the difference between the radiation budget components for average cloud conditions and cloud-free conditions.<\/p>\n With new knowledge about the important role that clouds play in Earth\u2019s energy budget, the science team was anxious to gather more data. In 1997, the first in a new series of instruments, the Clouds and the Earth\u2019s Radiant Energy System (CERES), launched, extending the important ERBE measurements.<\/p>\n Six other CERES instruments have since been activated in space to measure the solar energy reflected by Earth, the heat the planet emits, and the role of clouds in that process.<\/p>\n \u201cThe CERES instrument is small, it\u2019s very elegant, it\u2019s probably the most accurate radiometry that NASA has flown,\u201d said CERES Principal Investigator Kory Priestley. \u201cWe\u2019re trying to build the next generation of instrument now to meet the same requirements.\u201d<\/p>\n The seventh and final CERES instrument launched aboard NOAA\u2019s Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS)-1 in November 2017. It has since been activated and first light is expected in January 2018.<\/p>\n For 42 years, NASA has observed Earth\u2019s energy budget. NASA Langley\u2019s Earth Radiation Budget Science Team is the only group producing ERB data globally. Though our understanding of Earth\u2019s energy budget and the technology used to gather data has taken massive strides since Explorer 1 and Nimbus, that understanding is ever-evolving.<\/p>\n \u201cWith Earth observations, you never complete your understanding, so you\u2019re always at the mercy of somebody discovering some new things,\u201d Barkstrom said. \u201cIf you\u2019re dealing with observational science, you never have that final escape into absolute certainty where you\u2019ll never have to change things.\u201d<\/p>\n According to Barkstrom, attempts to understand the radiation budget started in about 1880. Earth\u2019s energy budget is a metaphor for the delicate equilibrium between energy from the Sun versus energy radiated back into space. Continuous, stable and accurate data records over decades are critical to understanding Earth\u2019s energy balance.<\/p>\n The data collected improve models that provide seasonal and longer-term forecasts, which inform industry and policy makers to better plan for the future.<\/p>\n NASA\u2019s Total and Spectral Solar Irradiance Sensor (TSIS)-1 is currently on the International Space Station in a mission to measure the Sun\u2019s energy input to Earth.<\/p>\n Various satellites have captured a continuous record of this solar energy input since 1978. TSIS-1 sensors advance previous measurements, enabling scientists to study the Sun\u2019s natural influence on Earth\u2019s ozone layer, atmospheric circulation, clouds and ecosystems.<\/p>\n These observations are essential for a scientific understanding of the effects of solar variability on the Earth system.<\/p>\n The radiation budget represents the balance between incoming energy from the Sun and outgoing thermal (longwave) and reflected (shortwave) energy from the Earth. In the 1970s, NASA recognized the importance of improving our understanding of the radiation budget and its effects on Earth\u2019s climate. Langley Research Center was charged with developing a new generation of instrumentation to make accurate regional and global measurements of the components of the radiation budget. The Goddard Space Flight Center built the Earth Radiation Budget Satellite (ERBS) on which the first Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) instruments were launched by the Space Shuttle Challenger in 1984. ERBE instruments were also launched on two National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration weather monitoring satellites, NOAA 9 and NOAA 10, in 1984 and 1986.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/a><\/figure>Why Measure Earth\u2019s Energy Budget?<\/strong><\/h3>\n
The Latest<\/strong><\/h3>\n
\n\t\t\t\tAbout the Missions: ERBE and CERES\t\t\t<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n
<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\nERBE<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n
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