{"id":13825,"date":"2025-06-02T12:05:53","date_gmt":"2025-06-02T16:05:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zobi.alcowep.com\/bourtagshdrevxnls658739\/apocalypse-when-hubble-casts-doubt-on-certainty-of-galactic-collision\/"},"modified":"2025-06-02T12:05:53","modified_gmt":"2025-06-02T16:05:53","slug":"apocalypse-when-hubble-casts-doubt-on-certainty-of-galactic-collision","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zobi.alcowep.com\/bourtagshdrevxnls658739\/apocalypse-when-hubble-casts-doubt-on-certainty-of-galactic-collision\/","title":{"rendered":"Apocalypse When? Hubble Casts Doubt on Certainty of Galactic Collision"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\">Apocalypse When? Hubble Casts Doubt on Certainty of Galactic Collision<\/h2>\n<p><!-- no image --><\/p>\n<div class=\" hds-module hds-module-full alignfull wp-block-nasa-blocks-secondary-navigation\">\n<div class=\"hds-secondary-navigation-wrapper z-top width-100 padding-0\">\n<div class=\"hds-secondary-navigation width-full border-bottom-1px text-center hds-color-mode-dark hds-module hds-module-full alignfull wp-block-nasa-blocks-hdsnav\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"hds-secondary-nav-mobile-button display-flex tablet:display-flex desktop:display-none width-full flex-align-center bg-carbon-90 border-color-carbon-80 color-spacesuit-white\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"hds-secondary-nav-track\"><span>Explore Hubble<\/span><svg width=\"16\" height=\"16\" alt=\"\" enable-background=\"new 0 0 400 400\" viewbox=\"0 0 400 400\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"m4.2 122.2 195.1 195.1 196.5-196.6-37.9-38-157.8 157.8-156.8-156.8z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/button><\/p>\n<div class=\"hds-secondary-nav-track grid-container grid-container-extrawide padding-0 tablet:padding-x-3 desktop:padding-x-2 \">\n<div class=\"hds-secondary-navigation-menu-items\">\n<nav>\n<ul class=\"usa-nav__primary usa-accordion flex-justify-center margin-0\">\n<li class=\"usa-nav__primary-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/mission\/hubble\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Hubble Home<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"usa-nav__primary-item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"basic-nav-section-one\"><span>Overview<\/span><svg class=\"hds-desktop-submenu-toggle-icon display-none tablet:display-none desktop:display-block\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" alt=\"\" enable-background=\"new 0 0 400 400\" viewbox=\"0 0 400 400\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"m4.2 122.2 195.1 195.1 196.5-196.6-37.9-38-157.8 157.8-156.8-156.8z\"><\/path><\/svg><svg class=\"hds-mobile-submenu-toggle-icon display-block tablet:display-block desktop:display-none\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" viewbox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle cx=\"8\" cy=\"8\" r=\"7.5\" fill=\"#0B3D91\" stroke=\"white\"><\/circle><rect x=\"4\" y=\"7.6001\" width=\"8\" height=\"0.8\" fill=\"white\"><\/rect><rect class=\"hds-mobile-submenu-toggle-icon-line-vertical\" x=\"7.59998\" y=\"12\" width=\"8\" height=\"0.8\" transform=\"rotate(-90 7.59998 12)\" fill=\"white\"><\/rect><\/svg><\/button>\n<ul class=\"usa-nav__submenu\" hidden>\n<li class=\"usa-nav__submenu-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/mission\/hubble\/overview\/about-hubble\/\" rel=\"noopener\">About Hubble<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"usa-nav__submenu-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/mission\/hubble\/overview\/the-history-of-hubble\/\" rel=\"noopener\">The History of Hubble<\/a><\/li>\n<li 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href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/mission\/hubble\/overview\/faqs\/\" rel=\"noopener\">FAQs<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"usa-nav__primary-item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"basic-nav-section-one\"><span>Impact &#038; Benefits<\/span><svg class=\"hds-desktop-submenu-toggle-icon display-none tablet:display-none desktop:display-block\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" alt=\"\" enable-background=\"new 0 0 400 400\" viewbox=\"0 0 400 400\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"m4.2 122.2 195.1 195.1 196.5-196.6-37.9-38-157.8 157.8-156.8-156.8z\"><\/path><\/svg><svg class=\"hds-mobile-submenu-toggle-icon display-block tablet:display-block desktop:display-none\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" viewbox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle cx=\"8\" cy=\"8\" r=\"7.5\" fill=\"#0B3D91\" stroke=\"white\"><\/circle><rect x=\"4\" y=\"7.6001\" width=\"8\" height=\"0.8\" fill=\"white\"><\/rect><rect class=\"hds-mobile-submenu-toggle-icon-line-vertical\" x=\"7.59998\" y=\"12\" width=\"8\" height=\"0.8\" transform=\"rotate(-90 7.59998 12)\" fill=\"white\"><\/rect><\/svg><\/button>\n<ul class=\"usa-nav__submenu\" hidden>\n<li class=\"usa-nav__submenu-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/mission\/hubble\/impacts-and-benefits\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Hubble\u2019s Impact &#038; Benefits<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"usa-nav__submenu-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/mission\/hubble\/science\/science-highlights\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Science Impacts<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"usa-nav__submenu-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/mission\/hubble\/impacts-and-benefits\/hubbles-cultural-impact\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Cultural Impact<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"usa-nav__submenu-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/mission\/hubble\/impacts-and-benefits\/technology-benefits\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Technology Benefits<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"usa-nav__submenu-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/mission\/hubble\/impacts-and-benefits\/hubbles-impact-on-human-spaceflight\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Impact on Human Spaceflight<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"usa-nav__submenu-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/mission\/hubble\/impacts-and-benefits\/astronomical-community-impacts\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Astro Community Impacts<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"usa-nav__primary-item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"basic-nav-section-one\"><span>Science<\/span><svg class=\"hds-desktop-submenu-toggle-icon display-none tablet:display-none desktop:display-block\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" 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href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/mission\/hubble\/science\/universe-uncovered\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Universe Uncovered<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"usa-nav__submenu-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/mission\/hubble\/science\/explore-the-night-sky\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Explore the Night Sky<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"usa-nav__primary-item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"basic-nav-section-one\"><span>Observatory<\/span><svg class=\"hds-desktop-submenu-toggle-icon display-none tablet:display-none desktop:display-block\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" alt=\"\" enable-background=\"new 0 0 400 400\" viewbox=\"0 0 400 400\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"m4.2 122.2 195.1 195.1 196.5-196.6-37.9-38-157.8 157.8-156.8-156.8z\"><\/path><\/svg><svg class=\"hds-mobile-submenu-toggle-icon display-block tablet:display-block desktop:display-none\" 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target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/mission\/hubble\/overview\/hubbles-35th-anniversary\/\" rel=\"noopener\">35th Anniversary<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"usa-nav__submenu-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/mission\/hubble\/multimedia\/online-activities\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Online Activities<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/nav>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"hds-article-hero-header nasa-gb-align-full bg-carbon-90 width-full maxw-full color-mode-dark hds-module hds-module-full alignfull wp-block-nasa-blocks-article-hero-header\">\n<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper width-full maxw-full minh-tablet grid-container minh-tablet flex-column padding-0\">\n<div class=\"hds-foreground-wrapper display-flex flex-direction-column\">\n<div class=\"grid-container grid-container-block margin-top-auto width-full maxw-desktop-lg padding-y-9 padding-x-3 desktop:padding-x-3 z-400\">\n<div class=\"z-400 grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-7 z-400\">\n<div class=\"margin-0\">\n<div class=\"label color-spacesuit-white margin-bottom-2\">5 Min Read<\/div>\n<h1 class=\"heading-41 line-height-md color-spacesuit-white-important\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tApocalypse When? Hubble Casts Doubt on Certainty of Galactic Collision\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h1>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-5\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"skrim-overlay skrim-left mobile-skrim-top z-200\"><\/div>\n<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"3271\" height=\"1828\" src=\"https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/hubble\/releases\/2008\/04\/STScI-01EVVDYPG7FAX2Q8GG50YBQ1Y2.tif?w=3271&#038;h=1828&#038;fit=clip&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint\" class=\"attachment-1536x1536 size-1536x1536\" alt=\"Hubble Interacting Galaxy NGC 520\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" loading=\"eager\" srcset=\"https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/hubble\/releases\/2008\/04\/STScI-01EVVDYPG7FAX2Q8GG50YBQ1Y2.tif?w=3271&#038;h=1828&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 3271w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/hubble\/releases\/2008\/04\/STScI-01EVVDYPG7FAX2Q8GG50YBQ1Y2.tif?w=300&#038;h=168&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 300w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/hubble\/releases\/2008\/04\/STScI-01EVVDYPG7FAX2Q8GG50YBQ1Y2.tif?w=768&#038;h=429&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 768w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/hubble\/releases\/2008\/04\/STScI-01EVVDYPG7FAX2Q8GG50YBQ1Y2.tif?w=1024&#038;h=572&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1024w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/hubble\/releases\/2008\/04\/STScI-01EVVDYPG7FAX2Q8GG50YBQ1Y2.tif?w=1536&#038;h=858&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1536w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/hubble\/releases\/2008\/04\/STScI-01EVVDYPG7FAX2Q8GG50YBQ1Y2.tif?w=2048&#038;h=1145&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 2048w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/hubble\/releases\/2008\/04\/STScI-01EVVDYPG7FAX2Q8GG50YBQ1Y2.tif?w=400&#038;h=224&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 400w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/hubble\/releases\/2008\/04\/STScI-01EVVDYPG7FAX2Q8GG50YBQ1Y2.tif?w=600&#038;h=335&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 600w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/hubble\/releases\/2008\/04\/STScI-01EVVDYPG7FAX2Q8GG50YBQ1Y2.tif?w=900&#038;h=503&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 900w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/hubble\/releases\/2008\/04\/STScI-01EVVDYPG7FAX2Q8GG50YBQ1Y2.tif?w=1200&#038;h=671&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1200w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/hubble\/releases\/2008\/04\/STScI-01EVVDYPG7FAX2Q8GG50YBQ1Y2.tif?w=2000&#038;h=1118&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 2000w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 3271px) 100vw, 3271px\"><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"padding-y-3 padding-x-3\">\n<div class=\"grid-container grid-container-block padding-x-0\"><figcaption class=\"hds-caption maxw-mobile desktop:padding-x-3\">\n<div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0 color-carbon-30\">\n<div><figcaption>This NASA Hubble Space Telescope image of NGC 520 offers one example of possible encounter scenarios between our Milky Way and the Andromeda galaxy. NGC 520 is the product of a collision between two disk galaxies that started 300 million years ago.<\/figcaption><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"hds-credits color-spacesuit-white-important\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>Credits: <\/span><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>NASA, ESA, the Hubble Heritage (STScI\/AURA)-ESA\/Hubble Collaboration, and B. Whitmore (STScI)<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/figcaption><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>As far back as 1912, astronomers realized that the Andromeda galaxy \u2014 <a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/missions\/hubble\/nasa-celebrates-edwin-hubbles-discovery-of-a-new-universe\/\" rel=\"noopener\">then thought to be only a nebula<\/a> \u2014 was headed our way. A century later, astronomers using NASA\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/mission\/hubble\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Hubble Space Telescope<\/a> were able to measure the sideways motion of Andromeda and found it was so negligible that an eventual head-on collision with the Milky Way seemed almost certain.<\/p>\n<p>A smashup between our own galaxy and Andromeda would trigger a firestorm of star birth, supernovae, and maybe toss our Sun into a different orbit. Simulations had suggested it was as inevitable as, in the words of Benjamin Franklin, \u201cdeath and taxes.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>But now a new study using data from Hubble and the European Space Agency\u2019s (ESA) Gaia space telescope says \u201cnot so fast.\u201d Researchers combining observations from the two space observatories re-examined the long-held prediction of a Milky Way \u2013 Andromeda collision, and found it is far less inevitable than astronomers had previously suspected.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWe have the most comprehensive study of this problem today that actually folds in all the observational uncertainties,\u201d said Till Sawala, astronomer at the University of Helsinki in Finland and lead author of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41550-025-02563-1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">the study<\/a>, which appears today in the journal <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/natastron\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Nature Astronomy<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>His team includes researchers at Durham University, United Kingdom; the University of Toulouse, France; and the University of Western Australia. They found that there is approximately a 50-50 chance of the two galaxies colliding within the next 10 billion years. They based this conclusion on computer simulations using the latest observational data.<\/p>\n<div class=\"hds-media hds-module wp-block-image\">\n<div class=\"margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-wide\">\n<div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\">\n<figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-fit \"><a href=\"https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/hubble\/releases\/2025\/06\/STScI-01JV7N7E5277AZX3X4HY9X68CT.tif?w=3663&#038;h=4184&#038;fit=clip&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"3663\" height=\"4184\" src=\"https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/hubble\/releases\/2025\/06\/STScI-01JV7N7E5277AZX3X4HY9X68CT.tif?w=3663&#038;h=4184&#038;fit=clip&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint\" class=\"attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048\" alt=\"A three-panel image, two at the top and one stretched across the bottom. At the top of the image is the title u201cThree Future Scenarios for Milky Way and Andromeda Encounter.u201d This title is extended over all three panels. In the top left panel, two spiral galaxies are widely separated against the black background of space. Beneath these galaxies are the words u201cGalaxies bypass at 1 million light-year separation.u201d In the top right panel, two face-on spiral galaxies are close together. Their spiral arms appear stretched toward each other. At the bottom of this panel are the words u201cAt 500,000 light-years, dark matter provides friction that brings galaxies to a close encounter.u201d In the bottom panel, two spiral galaxies have collided, resulting in a broad X-shaped patch of milky white. Mottled clouds of dark brown dust are superimposed. At the bottom of this panel are the words u201cA 100,000 light-year separation leads to a collision.u201d\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/hubble\/releases\/2025\/06\/STScI-01JV7N7E5277AZX3X4HY9X68CT.tif?w=3663&#038;h=4184&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 3663w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/hubble\/releases\/2025\/06\/STScI-01JV7N7E5277AZX3X4HY9X68CT.tif?w=263&#038;h=300&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 263w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/hubble\/releases\/2025\/06\/STScI-01JV7N7E5277AZX3X4HY9X68CT.tif?w=768&#038;h=877&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 768w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/hubble\/releases\/2025\/06\/STScI-01JV7N7E5277AZX3X4HY9X68CT.tif?w=896&#038;h=1023&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 896w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/hubble\/releases\/2025\/06\/STScI-01JV7N7E5277AZX3X4HY9X68CT.tif?w=1345&#038;h=1536&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1345w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/hubble\/releases\/2025\/06\/STScI-01JV7N7E5277AZX3X4HY9X68CT.tif?w=1793&#038;h=2048&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1793w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/hubble\/releases\/2025\/06\/STScI-01JV7N7E5277AZX3X4HY9X68CT.tif?w=350&#038;h=400&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 350w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/hubble\/releases\/2025\/06\/STScI-01JV7N7E5277AZX3X4HY9X68CT.tif?w=525&#038;h=600&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 525w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/hubble\/releases\/2025\/06\/STScI-01JV7N7E5277AZX3X4HY9X68CT.tif?w=788&#038;h=900&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 788w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/hubble\/releases\/2025\/06\/STScI-01JV7N7E5277AZX3X4HY9X68CT.tif?w=1051&#038;h=1200&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1051w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/hubble\/releases\/2025\/06\/STScI-01JV7N7E5277AZX3X4HY9X68CT.tif?w=1751&#038;h=2000&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1751w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 3663px) 100vw, 3663px\"><\/a><\/figure><figcaption class=\"hds-caption padding-y-2\">\n<div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0\">These galaxy images illustrate three possible encounter scenarios between our Milky Way and the neighboring Andromeda galaxy. Top left: Galaxies M81 and M82. Top right: NGC 6786, a pair of interacting galaxies. Bottom: NGC 520, two merging galaxies.<\/div>\n<div class=\"hds-credits\">Science: NASA, ESA, STScI, DSS, Till Sawala (University of Helsinki); Image Processing: Joseph DePasquale (STScI)<\/div>\n<\/figcaption><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Sawala emphasized that predicting the long-term future of galaxy interactions is highly uncertain, but the new findings challenge the previous consensus and suggest the fate of the Milky Way remains an open question.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cEven using the latest and most precise observational data available, the future of the Local Group of several dozen galaxies is uncertain. Intriguingly, we find an almost equal probability for the widely publicized merger scenario, or, conversely, an alternative one where the Milky Way and Andromeda survive unscathed,\u201d said Sawala.<\/p>\n<p>The collision of the two galaxies had seemed much more likely <a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/missions\/hubble\/nasas-hubble-shows-milky-way-is-destined-for-head-on-collision-with-andromeda-galaxy\/\" rel=\"noopener\">in 2012<\/a>, when astronomers Roeland van der Marel and Tony Sohn of the Space Telescope Science Institute in Baltimore, Maryland published a detailed analysis of Hubble observations over a five-to-seven-year period, indicating a direct impact in no more than 5 billion years.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u201cIt\u2019s somewhat ironic that, despite the addition of more precise Hubble data taken in recent years, we are now less certain about the outcome of a potential collision. That\u2019s because of the more complex analysis and because we consider a more complete system. But the only way to get to a new prediction about the eventual fate of the Milky Way will be with even better data,\u201d said Sawala.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">100,000 Crash-Dummy Simulations<\/h3>\n<p>Astronomers considered 22 different variables that could affect the potential collision between our galaxy and our neighbor, and ran 100,000 simulations called <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ibm.com\/think\/topics\/monte-carlo-simulation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">Monte Carlo simulations<\/a> stretching to 10 billion years into the future.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u201cBecause there are so many variables that each have their errors, that accumulates to rather large uncertainty about the outcome, leading to the conclusion that the chance of a direct collision is only 50% within the next 10 billion years,\u201d said Sawala.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThe Milky Way and Andromeda alone would remain in the same plane as they orbit each other, but this doesn\u2019t mean they need to crash. They could still go past each other,\u201d said Sawala.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Researchers also considered the effects of the orbits of Andromeda\u2019s large satellite galaxy, M33, and a satellite galaxy of the Milky Way called the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC). \u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThe extra mass of Andromeda\u2019s satellite galaxy M33 pulls the Milky Way a little bit more towards it. However, we also show that the LMC pulls the Milky Way off the orbital plane and away from Andromeda. It doesn\u2019t mean that the LMC will save us from that merger, but it makes it a bit less likely,\u201d said Sawala.\u00a0<\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed alignwide is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<p>In about half of the simulations, the two main galaxies fly past each other separated by around half a million light-years or less (five times the Milky Way\u2019s diameter). They move outward but then come back and eventually merge in the far future. The gradual decay of the orbit is caused by a process called dynamical friction between the vast dark-matter halos that surround each galaxy at the beginning.<\/p>\n<p>In most of the other cases, the galaxies don\u2019t even come close enough for dynamical friction to work effectively. In this case, the two galaxies can continue their orbital waltz for a very long time.<\/p>\n<p>The new result also still leaves a small chance of around 2% for a head-on collision between the galaxies in <strong><em>only<\/em><\/strong> 4 to 5 billion years. Considering that the warming Sun makes Earth uninhabitable in roughly 1 billion years, and the Sun itself will likely burn out in 5 billion years, a collision with Andromeda is the least of our cosmic worries.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><em>The Hubble Space Telescope has been operating for over three decades and continues to make ground-breaking discoveries that shape our fundamental understanding of the universe. Hubble is a project of international cooperation between NASA and ESA (European Space Agency). NASA\u2019s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, manages the telescope and mission operations. Lockheed Martin Space, based in Denver, also supports mission operations at Goddard. The Space Telescope Science Institute in Baltimore, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, conducts Hubble science operations for NASA.<\/em><\/p>\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Explore More<\/h1>\n<div class=\"nasa-gb-align-wide nasa-button-link padding-y-1 padding-x-0 hds-module alignwide wp-block-nasa-blocks-related-link\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/missions\/hubble\/nasas-hubble-provides-birds-eye-view-of-andromeda-galaxys-ecosystem\/\" target=\"_self\" class=\"button-primary button-primary-md link-external-false\" aria-label=\"Hubble Provides Bird\u2019s-Eye View of Andromeda Galaxy\u2019s Ecosystem (2025)\" rel=\"noopener\"><br \/>\n\t\t\t<span class=\"line-height-alt-1\">Hubble Provides Bird\u2019s-Eye View of Andromeda Galaxy\u2019s Ecosystem (2025)<\/span><br \/>\n\t\t\t<svg viewbox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"button-primary-circle\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n\t\t<\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"nasa-gb-align-wide nasa-button-link padding-y-1 padding-x-0 hds-module alignwide wp-block-nasa-blocks-related-link\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/missions\/hubble\/nasas-hubble-shows-milky-way-is-destined-for-head-on-collision-with-andromeda-galaxy\/\" target=\"_self\" class=\"button-primary button-primary-md link-external-false\" aria-label=\"Hubble Shows Milky Way is Destined for Head-on Collision with Andromeda Galaxy (2012)\" rel=\"noopener\"><br \/>\n\t\t\t<span class=\"line-height-alt-1\">Hubble Shows Milky Way is Destined for Head-on Collision with Andromeda Galaxy (2012)<\/span><br \/>\n\t\t\t<svg viewbox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"button-primary-circle\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n\t\t<\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"nasa-gb-align-wide nasa-button-link padding-y-1 padding-x-0 hds-module alignwide wp-block-nasa-blocks-related-link\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/mission\/hubble\/science\/science-highlights\/galaxy-details-and-mergers\/\" target=\"_self\" class=\"button-primary button-primary-md link-external-false\" aria-label=\"Galaxy Details and Mergers\" rel=\"noopener\"><br \/>\n\t\t\t<span class=\"line-height-alt-1\">Galaxy Details and Mergers<\/span><br \/>\n\t\t\t<svg viewbox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"button-primary-circle\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n\t\t<\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"nasa-gb-align-wide nasa-button-link padding-y-1 padding-x-0 hds-module alignwide wp-block-nasa-blocks-related-link\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/missions\/hubble\/nasas-hubble-traces-hidden-history-of-andromeda-galaxy\/\" target=\"_self\" class=\"button-primary button-primary-md link-external-false\" aria-label=\"Hubble Traces Hidden History of Andromeda Galaxy (2025)\" rel=\"noopener\"><br \/>\n\t\t\t<span class=\"line-height-alt-1\">Hubble Traces Hidden History of Andromeda Galaxy (2025)<\/span><br \/>\n\t\t\t<svg viewbox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"button-primary-circle\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n\t\t<\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"nasa-gb-align-wide nasa-button-link padding-y-1 padding-x-0 hds-module alignwide wp-block-nasa-blocks-related-link\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/missions\/hubble\/hubbles-high-definition-panoramic-view-of-the-andromeda-galaxy\/\" target=\"_self\" class=\"button-primary button-primary-md link-external-false\" aria-label=\"Hubble\u2019s High-Definition Panoramic View of the Andromeda Galaxy (2015)\" rel=\"noopener\"><br \/>\n\t\t\t<span class=\"line-height-alt-1\">Hubble\u2019s High-Definition Panoramic View of the Andromeda Galaxy (2015)<\/span><br \/>\n\t\t\t<svg viewbox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"button-primary-circle\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n\t\t<\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"hds-social-media hds-social-media--horizontal grid-container grid-container-block 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xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" x=\"0px\" y=\"0px\" width=\"169.063px\" height=\"169.063px\" viewbox=\"0 0 169.063 169.063\" xml:space=\"preserve\" aria-labelledby=\"instagramIconTitle\"><title>Instagram logo<\/title><g> <path d=\"M122.406,0H46.654C20.929,0,0,20.93,0,46.655v75.752c0,25.726,20.929,46.655,46.654,46.655h75.752 c25.727,0,46.656-20.93,46.656-46.655V46.655C169.063,20.93,148.133,0,122.406,0z M154.063,122.407 c0,17.455-14.201,31.655-31.656,31.655H46.654C29.2,154.063,15,139.862,15,122.407V46.655C15,29.201,29.2,15,46.654,15h75.752 c17.455,0,31.656,14.201,31.656,31.655V122.407z\"><\/path> <path d=\"M84.531,40.97c-24.021,0-43.563,19.542-43.563,43.563c0,24.02,19.542,43.561,43.563,43.561s43.563-19.541,43.563-43.561 C128.094,60.512,108.552,40.97,84.531,40.97z M84.531,113.093c-15.749,0-28.563-12.812-28.563-28.561 c0-15.75,12.813-28.563,28.563-28.563s28.563,12.813,28.563,28.563C113.094,100.281,100.28,113.093,84.531,113.093z\"><\/path> <path d=\"M129.921,28.251c-2.89,0-5.729,1.17-7.77,3.22c-2.051,2.04-3.23,4.88-3.23,7.78c0,2.891,1.18,5.73,3.23,7.78 c2.04,2.04,4.88,3.22,7.77,3.22c2.9,0,5.73-1.18,7.78-3.22c2.05-2.05,3.22-4.89,3.22-7.78c0-2.9-1.17-5.74-3.22-7.78 C135.661,29.421,132.821,28.251,129.921,28.251z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n<div class=\"hds-social-media-items padding-left-2\">\n\t\t\t\t<a target=\"_blank\" class=\"margin-right-2\" href=\"https:\/\/instagram.com\/NASAHubble\" aria-label=\"Go to @NASAHubble on instagram\" rel=\"noopener\">@NASAHubble<\/a>\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"hds-featured-link-list bg-carbon-05 padding-x-2 tablet:padding-x-3 desktop:padding-x-4 padding-y-5 desktop:padding-y-6 hds-module hds-module-full alignfull wp-block-nasa-blocks-featured-link-list\">\n<div class=\"grid-container grid-container-block padding-0\">\n<div class=\"margin-bottom-4\">\n<h2 class=\"heading-22\">\n\t\t\t\tRelated Images &#038; Videos\t\t\t<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"grid-row padding-y-2 border-top-1px border-color-carbon-30-important\">\n<div class=\"grid-row featured-link-list-row width-full flex-align-center\">\n<div class=\"grid-col-2 desktop:grid-col-1 tablet:padding-right-3 desktop:padding-right-5\">\n<div class=\"width-full\">\n<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper width-full ratio-1x1 radius-pill overflow-hidden\">\n<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"3663\" height=\"4184\" src=\"https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/hubble\/releases\/2025\/06\/STScI-01JV7N7E5277AZX3X4HY9X68CT.tif?w=3663&#038;h=4184&#038;fit=clip&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"A three-panel image, two at the top and one stretched across the bottom. At the top of the image is the title u201cThree Future Scenarios for Milky Way and Andromeda Encounter.u201d This title is extended over all three panels. In the top left panel, two spiral galaxies are widely separated against the black background of space. Beneath these galaxies are the words u201cGalaxies bypass at 1 million light-year separation.u201d In the top right panel, two face-on spiral galaxies are close together. Their spiral arms appear stretched toward each other. At the bottom of this panel are the words u201cAt 500,000 light-years, dark matter provides friction that brings galaxies to a close encounter.u201d In the bottom panel, two spiral galaxies have collided, resulting in a broad X-shaped patch of milky white. Mottled clouds of dark brown dust are superimposed. At the bottom of this panel are the words u201cA 100,000 light-year separation leads to a collision.u201d\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/hubble\/releases\/2025\/06\/STScI-01JV7N7E5277AZX3X4HY9X68CT.tif?w=3663&#038;h=4184&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 3663w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/hubble\/releases\/2025\/06\/STScI-01JV7N7E5277AZX3X4HY9X68CT.tif?w=263&#038;h=300&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 263w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/hubble\/releases\/2025\/06\/STScI-01JV7N7E5277AZX3X4HY9X68CT.tif?w=768&#038;h=877&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 768w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/hubble\/releases\/2025\/06\/STScI-01JV7N7E5277AZX3X4HY9X68CT.tif?w=896&#038;h=1023&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 896w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/hubble\/releases\/2025\/06\/STScI-01JV7N7E5277AZX3X4HY9X68CT.tif?w=1345&#038;h=1536&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1345w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/hubble\/releases\/2025\/06\/STScI-01JV7N7E5277AZX3X4HY9X68CT.tif?w=1793&#038;h=2048&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1793w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/hubble\/releases\/2025\/06\/STScI-01JV7N7E5277AZX3X4HY9X68CT.tif?w=350&#038;h=400&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 350w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/hubble\/releases\/2025\/06\/STScI-01JV7N7E5277AZX3X4HY9X68CT.tif?w=525&#038;h=600&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 525w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/hubble\/releases\/2025\/06\/STScI-01JV7N7E5277AZX3X4HY9X68CT.tif?w=788&#038;h=900&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 788w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/hubble\/releases\/2025\/06\/STScI-01JV7N7E5277AZX3X4HY9X68CT.tif?w=1051&#038;h=1200&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1051w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/hubble\/releases\/2025\/06\/STScI-01JV7N7E5277AZX3X4HY9X68CT.tif?w=1751&#038;h=2000&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1751w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 3663px) 100vw, 3663px\"><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"grid-col-8 desktop:grid-col-10 padding-left-3 desktop:padding-left-0\">\n<div class=\"grid-row flex-align-center\">\n<div class=\"grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-6\">\n<h2 class=\"heading-36 margin-0\">Milky Way and Andromeda Encounters<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-6\">\n<p class=\"p-md margin-0 color-carbon-black-important\">This selection of images of external galaxies illustrates three encounter scenarios between our Milky Way and the neighboring Andromeda galaxy. Top left: Galaxies M81 and M82. Top right: NGC 6786, a pair of interacting galaxies. Bottom: NGC 520, two merging galaxies.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"grid-col-2 desktop:grid-col-1 display-flex flex-justify-end\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/?post_type=stma&#038;p=860132\" target=\"\" aria-label=\"Milky Way and Andromeda Encountersu00a0\" class=\"link-external-false\" rel=\"noopener\"><br \/>\n                            <svg class=\"hds-featured-link-list-button margin-left-auto margin-right-0\" viewbox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\">\n                                <circle class=\"color-nasa-red\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path>\n                            <\/svg><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"nasa-gb-align-full width-full maxw-full padding-x-3 padding-y-0 nasa_template_article_b hds-module hds-module-full alignfull wp-block-nasa-blocks-credits-and-details\">\n<section class=\"padding-x-0 padding-top-5 padding-bottom-2 desktop:padding-top-7 desktop:padding-bottom-9\">\n<div class=\"grid-row grid-container maxw-widescreen padding-0\">\n<div class=\"grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-2 padding-right-4 margin-bottom-5 desktop:margin-bottom-0\">\n<div class=\"padding-top-3 border-top-1px border-color-carbon-black\">\n<div class=\"margin-bottom-2\">\n<h2 class=\"heading-14\">Share<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"padding-bottom-2\">\n<ul class=\"social-icons social-icons-round\">\n<li class=\"social-icon social-icon-x\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/x.com\/intent\/tweet?via=NASA&#038;text=Apocalypse%20When%3F%20Hubble%20Casts%20Doubt%20on%20Certainty%20of%20Galactic%20Collision&#038;url=https%3A%2F%2Fscience.nasa.gov%2Fmissions%2Fhubble%2Fapocalypse-when-hubble-casts-doubt-on-certainty-of-galactic-collision%2F\" aria-label=\"Share on X.\"><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"1200\" height=\"1227\" viewbox=\"0 0 1200 1227\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M714.163 519.284L1160.89 0H1055.03L667.137 450.887L357.328 0H0L468.492 681.821L0 1226.37H105.866L515.491 750.218L842.672 1226.37H1200L714.137 519.284H714.163ZM569.165 687.828L521.697 619.934L144.011 79.6944H306.615L611.412 515.685L658.88 583.579L1055.08 1150.3H892.476L569.165 687.854V687.828Z\" fill=\"white\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"social-icon social-icon-facebook\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fscience.nasa.gov%2Fmissions%2Fhubble%2Fapocalypse-when-hubble-casts-doubt-on-certainty-of-galactic-collision%2F\" aria-label=\"Share on Facebook.\" rel=\"noopener\"><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M9 8h-3v4h3v12h5v-12h3.642l.358-4h-4v-1.667c0-.955.192-1.333 1.115-1.333h2.885v-5h-3.808c-3.596 0-5.192 1.583-5.192 4.615v3.385z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"social-icon social-icon-linkedin\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/shareArticle?mini=true&#038;url=https%3A%2F%2Fscience.nasa.gov%2Fmissions%2Fhubble%2Fapocalypse-when-hubble-casts-doubt-on-certainty-of-galactic-collision%2F\" aria-label=\"Share on LinkedIn.\" rel=\"noopener\"><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M4.98 3.5c0 1.381-1.11 2.5-2.48 2.5s-2.48-1.119-2.48-2.5c0-1.38 1.11-2.5 2.48-2.5s2.48 1.12 2.48 2.5zm.02 4.5h-5v16h5v-16zm7.982 0h-4.968v16h4.969v-8.399c0-4.67 6.029-5.052 6.029 0v8.399h4.988v-10.131c0-7.88-8.922-7.593-11.018-3.714v-2.155z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"social-icon social-icon-rss\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/feed\/\" aria-label=\"Subscribe to RSS feed.\"><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewbox=\"0 0 800 800\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M493 652H392c0-134-111-244-244-244V307c189 0 345 156 345 345zm71 0c0-228-188-416-416-416V132c285 0 520 235 520 520z\"><\/path><circle cx=\"219\" cy=\"581\" r=\"71\"><\/circle><\/svg><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-5 padding-right-4 margin-bottom-5 desktop:margin-bottom-0\">\n<div class=\"padding-top-3 border-top-1px border-color-carbon-black\">\n<div class=\"margin-bottom-2\">\n<h2 class=\"heading-14\">Details<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"grid-row margin-bottom-3\">\n<div class=\"grid-col-4\">\n<div class=\"subheading\">Last Updated<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"grid-col-8\">Jun 02, 2025<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"grid-row margin-bottom-3\">\n<div class=\"grid-col-4\">\n<div class=\"subheading\">Editor<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"grid-col-8\">Andrea Gianopoulos<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"grid-row\">\n<div class=\"grid-col-4\">\n<div class=\"subheading\">Location<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"grid-col-8\"><a class=\"hds-location-tag-name\" href=\"https:\/\/nasa.gov\/goddard\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"hds-meta-heading\">NASA Goddard Space Flight Center<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"grid-row margin-y-3\">\n<div class=\"grid-col-4\">\n<div class=\"subheading\">Contact<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"grid-col-8\">\n<div class=\"margin-bottom-3\">\n<div class=\"heading-16 padding-bottom-1 border-bottom margin-bottom-2\">Media<\/div>\n<div class=\"cnd-extra-left-wysiwyg\">\n<p><strong>Claire Andreoli<\/strong><br \/>\nNASA\u2019s Goddard Space Flight Center<br \/>\nGreenbelt, Maryland<br \/>\n<a href=\"mailto:claire.andreoli@nasa.gov\">claire.andreoli@nasa.gov<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Ray Villard<\/strong><br \/>\nSpace Telescope Science Institute<br \/>\nBaltimore, Maryland<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-5 padding-right-4 margin-bottom-5 desktop:margin-bottom-0\">\n<div class=\"padding-top-3 border-top-1px border-color-carbon-black \">\n<div class=\"margin-bottom-2\">\n<h2 class=\"heading-14\">Related Terms<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<ul class=\"article-tags\">\n<li class=\"article-tag\"><a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/mission\/hubble\" rel=\"noopener\">Hubble Space Telescope<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"article-tag\"><a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/category\/universe\/galaxies\/andromeda-galaxy\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Andromeda Galaxy<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"article-tag\"><a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/astrophysics\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Astrophysics<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"article-tag\"><a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/astrophysics\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Astrophysics Division<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"article-tag\"><a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/universe\/galaxies\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Galaxies<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"article-tag\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/goddard\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Goddard Space Flight Center<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"article-tag\"><a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/category\/universe\/galaxies\/interacting-galaxies\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Interacting Galaxies<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"article-tag\"><a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/category\/universe\/galaxies\/milky-way\/\" rel=\"noopener\">The Milky Way<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"article-tag\"><a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/universe\/\" rel=\"noopener\">The Universe<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"hds-topic-cards nasa-gb-align-full maxw-full width-full padding-y-6 padding-x-3 color-mode-dark hds-module hds-module-full alignfull wp-block-nasa-blocks-topic-cards\">\n<div class=\"grid-container grid-container-block-lg padding-x-0\">\n<div class=\"grid-row flex-align-center margin-bottom-3\">\n<div class=\"desktop:grid-col-8 margin-bottom-2 desktop:margin-bottom-0\">\n<div class=\"label color-carbon-60 margin-bottom-2\">Keep Exploring<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"heading-36 line-height-sm\">Discover More Topics From Hubble<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"grid-row grid-gap-2 hds-topic-cards-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/mission\/hubble\/\" class=\"mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0\" rel=\"noopener\"><\/p>\n<div class=\"hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black\">\n<div class=\"skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200\">\n<div>\n<h3 class=\"hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>Hubble Space Telescope<\/span><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg viewbox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"color-nasa-red\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n<p class=\"margin-bottom-0 margin-top-2 color-carbon-20-important\">Since its 1990 launch, the Hubble Space Telescope has changed our fundamental understanding of the universe.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1512\" height=\"1536\" src=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/hubble-space-telescope-hst-6.jpg?w=1512\" class=\"attachment-1536x1536 size-1536x1536\" alt=\"\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/hubble-space-telescope-hst-6.jpg 4031w, https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/hubble-space-telescope-hst-6.jpg?resize=295,300 295w, https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/hubble-space-telescope-hst-6.jpg?resize=768,780 768w, https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/hubble-space-telescope-hst-6.jpg?resize=1008,1024 1008w, https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/hubble-space-telescope-hst-6.jpg?resize=1512,1536 1512w, https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/hubble-space-telescope-hst-6.jpg?resize=2016,2048 2016w, https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/hubble-space-telescope-hst-6.jpg?resize=50,50 50w, https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/hubble-space-telescope-hst-6.jpg?resize=394,400 394w, https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/hubble-space-telescope-hst-6.jpg?resize=591,600 591w, https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/hubble-space-telescope-hst-6.jpg?resize=886,900 886w, https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/hubble-space-telescope-hst-6.jpg?resize=1181,1200 1181w, https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/hubble-space-telescope-hst-6.jpg?resize=1969,2000 1969w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1512px) 100vw, 1512px\"><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p><\/a><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/mission\/hubble\/science\/science-highlights\/\" class=\"mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0\" rel=\"noopener\"><\/p>\n<div class=\"hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black\">\n<div class=\"skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>Hubble Science Highlights<\/span><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg viewbox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"color-nasa-red\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"539\" height=\"565\" src=\"https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/astro\/universe\/internal_resources\/462\/Pillars_of_Creation-1.jpeg?w=539&#038;h=565&#038;fit=clip&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint\" class=\"attachment-1536x1536 size-1536x1536\" alt=\"\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p><\/a><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/mission\/hubble\/multimedia\/hubble-images\/\" class=\"mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0\" rel=\"noopener\"><\/p>\n<div class=\"hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black\">\n<div class=\"skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>Hubble Images<\/span><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg viewbox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"color-nasa-red\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1120\" height=\"1120\" src=\"https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/hubble\/releases\/2024\/07\/STScI-01J1X1RNTC893XMKJREG898ZXB.tif?w=1120&#038;h=1120&#038;fit=clip&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint\" class=\"attachment-1536x1536 size-1536x1536\" alt=\"\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/hubble\/releases\/2024\/07\/STScI-01J1X1RNTC893XMKJREG898ZXB.tif?w=1120&#038;h=1120&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1120w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/hubble\/releases\/2024\/07\/STScI-01J1X1RNTC893XMKJREG898ZXB.tif?w=150&#038;h=150&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 150w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/hubble\/releases\/2024\/07\/STScI-01J1X1RNTC893XMKJREG898ZXB.tif?w=300&#038;h=300&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 300w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/hubble\/releases\/2024\/07\/STScI-01J1X1RNTC893XMKJREG898ZXB.tif?w=768&#038;h=768&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 768w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/hubble\/releases\/2024\/07\/STScI-01J1X1RNTC893XMKJREG898ZXB.tif?w=1024&#038;h=1024&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1024w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/hubble\/releases\/2024\/07\/STScI-01J1X1RNTC893XMKJREG898ZXB.tif?w=50&#038;h=50&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 50w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/hubble\/releases\/2024\/07\/STScI-01J1X1RNTC893XMKJREG898ZXB.tif?w=100&#038;h=100&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 100w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/hubble\/releases\/2024\/07\/STScI-01J1X1RNTC893XMKJREG898ZXB.tif?w=200&#038;h=200&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 200w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/hubble\/releases\/2024\/07\/STScI-01J1X1RNTC893XMKJREG898ZXB.tif?w=400&#038;h=400&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 400w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/hubble\/releases\/2024\/07\/STScI-01J1X1RNTC893XMKJREG898ZXB.tif?w=600&#038;h=600&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 600w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/hubble\/releases\/2024\/07\/STScI-01J1X1RNTC893XMKJREG898ZXB.tif?w=900&#038;h=900&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 900w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1120px) 100vw, 1120px\"><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p><\/a><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/?post_type=mission&#038;p=53188\" class=\"mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0\" rel=\"noopener\"><\/p>\n<div class=\"hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black\">\n<div class=\"skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>Hubble News<\/span><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg viewbox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"color-nasa-red\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1651\" height=\"1651\" src=\"https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/hubble\/releases\/2005\/02\/STScI-01EVT8D2PRXPF512PH8C8DCXXM.tif?w=1651&#038;h=1651&#038;fit=clip&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint\" class=\"attachment-1536x1536 size-1536x1536\" alt=\"\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/hubble\/releases\/2005\/02\/STScI-01EVT8D2PRXPF512PH8C8DCXXM.tif?w=1651&#038;h=1651&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1651w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/hubble\/releases\/2005\/02\/STScI-01EVT8D2PRXPF512PH8C8DCXXM.tif?w=150&#038;h=150&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 150w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/hubble\/releases\/2005\/02\/STScI-01EVT8D2PRXPF512PH8C8DCXXM.tif?w=300&#038;h=300&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 300w, 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https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/hubble\/releases\/2005\/02\/STScI-01EVT8D2PRXPF512PH8C8DCXXM.tif?w=100&#038;h=100&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 100w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/hubble\/releases\/2005\/02\/STScI-01EVT8D2PRXPF512PH8C8DCXXM.tif?w=200&#038;h=200&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 200w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/hubble\/releases\/2005\/02\/STScI-01EVT8D2PRXPF512PH8C8DCXXM.tif?w=400&#038;h=400&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 400w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/hubble\/releases\/2005\/02\/STScI-01EVT8D2PRXPF512PH8C8DCXXM.tif?w=600&#038;h=600&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 600w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/hubble\/releases\/2005\/02\/STScI-01EVT8D2PRXPF512PH8C8DCXXM.tif?w=900&#038;h=900&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 900w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/hubble\/releases\/2005\/02\/STScI-01EVT8D2PRXPF512PH8C8DCXXM.tif?w=1200&#038;h=1200&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1651px) 100vw, 1651px\"><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"wpematico_credit\"><small>Powered by <a href=\"http:\/\/www.wpematico.com\" target=\"_blank\">WPeMatico<\/a><\/small><\/p>\n<p><a  href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/missions\/hubble\/apocalypse-when-hubble-casts-doubt-on-certainty-of-galactic-collision\/\"  target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Get The Details&#8230;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>As far back as 1912, astronomers realized that the Andromeda galaxy \u2014 then thought to be only a nebula \u2014 was headed our way. 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