{"id":13108,"date":"2025-02-20T12:02:48","date_gmt":"2025-02-20T16:02:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zobi.alcowep.com\/bourtagshdrevxnls658739\/summary-of-the-joint-nasa-lcluc-sari-synthesis-meeting\/"},"modified":"2025-02-20T12:02:48","modified_gmt":"2025-02-20T16:02:48","slug":"summary-of-the-joint-nasa-lcluc-sari-synthesis-meeting","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zobi.alcowep.com\/bourtagshdrevxnls658739\/summary-of-the-joint-nasa-lcluc-sari-synthesis-meeting\/","title":{"rendered":"Summary of the Joint NASA LCLUC\u2013SARI Synthesis Meeting"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\">Summary of the Joint NASA LCLUC\u2013SARI Synthesis Meeting<\/h2>\n<p><!-- no image --><\/p>\n<div class=\" hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-secondary-navigation\">\n<div class=\"hds-secondary-navigation-wrapper z-top width-100 padding-0\">\n<div class=\"hds-secondary-navigation width-full border-bottom-1px text-center hds-color-mode-dark hds-module 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rel=\"noopener\">Archives<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/nav>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"hds-media hds-module wp-block-image\">\n<div class=\"margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-inline\">\n<div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\">\n<figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-fit \"><a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/eo-meeting-summary-banner.png\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1037\" height=\"81\" src=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/eo-meeting-summary-banner.png?w=1037\" class=\"attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048\" alt=\"\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/eo-meeting-summary-banner.png 1037w, https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/eo-meeting-summary-banner.png?resize=300,23 300w, https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/eo-meeting-summary-banner.png?resize=768,60 768w, https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/eo-meeting-summary-banner.png?resize=1024,80 1024w, https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/eo-meeting-summary-banner.png?resize=400,31 400w, https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/eo-meeting-summary-banner.png?resize=600,47 600w, https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/eo-meeting-summary-banner.png?resize=900,70 900w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1037px) 100vw, 1037px\"><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"padding-top-5 padding-bottom-3 width-full maxw-full hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-article-intro\">\n<div class=\"width-full maxw-full article-header\">\n<div class=\"margin-bottom-2 width-full maxw-full\">\n<p class=\"label carbon-60 margin-0 margin-bottom-3 padding-0\">35 min read<\/p>\n<h1 class=\"display-48 margin-bottom-2\">Summary of the Joint NASA LCLUC\u2013SARI Synthesis Meeting<\/h1>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><strong>Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The NASA <a href=\"https:\/\/lcluc.umd.edu\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Land-Cover and Land-Use Change<\/a> (LCLUC)\u00a0is an interdisciplinary scientific program within NASA\u2019s Earth Science program that aims to develop the capability for periodic global inventories of land use and land cover from space. The program\u2019s goal is to develop the mapping, monitoring and modeling capabilities necessary to simulate the processes taking place and evaluate the consequences of observed and predicted changes. The South\/Southeast Asia Research Initiative (SARI) has a similar goal for South\/Southeast Asia, as it seeks to develop innovative regional research, education, and capacity building programs involving state-of-the-art remote sensing, natural sciences, engineering, and social sciences to enrich land use\/cover change (LUCC) science in South\/Southeast Asia.\u00a0Thus it makes sense for these two entities to periodically meet jointly to discuss their endeavors.<\/p>\n<p>The latest of these joint meetings took place January 1\u2013February 2, 2024, in Hanoi, Vietnam.\u00a0A total of 85 participants attended the three-day, in-person meeting\u2014see\u00a0<strong>Photo<\/strong>.\u00a0 A total of 85 participants attended the three-day, in-person meeting.\u00a0The attendees represented multiple international institutions, including NASA (Headquarters and Centers), the University of Maryland, College Park (UMD), other American academic institutions, the Vietnam National Space Center (VNSC, the event host), the Vietnam National University\u2019s University of Engineering and Technology, and Ho Chi Minh University of Technology, the Japanese National Institute of Environmental Studies (NIES), Center for Environmental Sciences, and the University of Tokyo. In addition, several international programs participated, including <a href=\"https:\/\/earthobservations.org\/geoglam.php\" rel=\"noopener\">GEO Global Agricultural Monitoring<\/a> (GEOGLAM), the <a href=\"https:\/\/start.org\/\" rel=\"noopener\">System for Analysis, Research and Training<\/a> (START), <a href=\"https:\/\/gofcgold.umd.edu\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Global Observation of Forest and Land-use Dynamics<\/a> (GOFC\u2013GOLD), and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasaharvest.org\/\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA Harvest<\/a>.<\/p>\n<div class=\"hds-media hds-module wp-block-image\">\n<div class=\"margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-inline\">\n<div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\">\n<figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-fit \"><a href=\"https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/earth-observer\/2025\/2025-winter\/2025-lcluc\/LCLUC_photo.jpg?w=1440&#038;h=633&#038;fit=clip&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1440\" height=\"633\" src=\"https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/earth-observer\/2025\/2025-winter\/2025-lcluc\/LCLUC_photo.jpg?w=1440&#038;h=633&#038;fit=clip&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint\" class=\"attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048\" alt=\"LCLUC photo\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/earth-observer\/2025\/2025-winter\/2025-lcluc\/LCLUC_photo.jpg?w=1440&#038;h=633&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1440w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/earth-observer\/2025\/2025-winter\/2025-lcluc\/LCLUC_photo.jpg?w=300&#038;h=132&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 300w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/earth-observer\/2025\/2025-winter\/2025-lcluc\/LCLUC_photo.jpg?w=768&#038;h=338&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 768w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/earth-observer\/2025\/2025-winter\/2025-lcluc\/LCLUC_photo.jpg?w=1024&#038;h=450&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1024w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/earth-observer\/2025\/2025-winter\/2025-lcluc\/LCLUC_photo.jpg?w=400&#038;h=176&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 400w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/earth-observer\/2025\/2025-winter\/2025-lcluc\/LCLUC_photo.jpg?w=600&#038;h=264&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 600w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/earth-observer\/2025\/2025-winter\/2025-lcluc\/LCLUC_photo.jpg?w=900&#038;h=396&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 900w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/earth-observer\/2025\/2025-winter\/2025-lcluc\/LCLUC_photo.jpg?w=1200&#038;h=528&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1440px) 100vw, 1440px\"><\/a><\/figure><figcaption class=\"hds-caption padding-y-2\">\n<div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0\"><strong>Photo.<\/strong> A group picture of the meeting participants on the first day of the 2024 LCLUC SARI meeting in Hanoi, Vietnam.<\/div>\n<div class=\"hds-credits\"><strong>Photo credit:<\/strong> Hotel staff (Hanoi Club Hotel, Hanoi, Vietnam)<\/div>\n<\/figcaption><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><strong>Meeting Overview<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The purpose of the 2024 NASA LCLUC\u2013SARI Synthesis meeting was to discuss LUCC issues \u2013 with a particular focus on their impact on Southeast Asian countries. Presenters highlighted ongoing projects aimed to advance our understanding of the spatial extent, intensity, social consequences, and impacts on the environment in South\/Southeast Asian countries. While presenters reported on specific science results, they also were intentional to review and synthesize work from other related projects going on in Southeast Asia.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><em>Meeting Goal<\/em><\/p>\n<p>The meeting\u2019s overarching goal was to create a comprehensive and holistic understanding of various LUCC issues by examining them from multiple angles, including: collating information; employing interdisciplinary approaches; integrating research; identifying key insights; and enhancing regional collaborations. The meeting sought to bring the investigators together to bridge gaps, promote collaborations, and advance knowledge regarding LUCC issues in the region. The meeting format also provided ample time between sessions for networking to promote coordination and collaboration among scientists and teams.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><em>Meeting and Summary Format<\/em><\/p>\n<p>The meeting consisted of seven sessions that focused on various LUCC issues.\u00a0The summary report that follows is organized by day and then by session.\u00a0All presentations in Session I and II are summarized (i.e., with all speakers, affiliations, and appropriate titles identified). The keynote presentation(s) from Sessions III\u2013VI are summarized similarly.\u00a0The technical presentations in each of these sessions are presented as narrative summaries.\u00a0Session VII consisted of topical discussions to close out the meeting and summaries of these discussions are included herein. Sessions III\u2013VI also included panel discussions, but to keep the article length more manageable, summaries of these discussions have been omitted.\u00a0Readers interested in learning more about the panel discussions or viewing any of these presentations in full can access the information on the <a href=\"https:\/\/lcluc.umd.edu\/meetings\/international-meeting-land-coverland-use-change-lcluc-southsoutheast-asia-and-synthesis\" rel=\"noopener\">Joint LCLUC\u2013SARI Synthesis meeting website.<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>DAY ONE<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The first day of the meeting included welcoming remarks from the U.S. Ambassador to Vietnam (Session I), program executives of LCLUC and SARI, \u00a0as well as from national space agencies in South and Southeast Asia (Session II),\u00a0and other LCLUC-thematic\/overview presentations (Session III).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Session 1: Welcoming Remarks<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Garik Gutman<\/strong> [NASA Headquarters\u2014<em>LCLUC Program Manager<\/em>], <strong>Vu Tuan<\/strong> [VNSC\u2019s Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST)\u2014<em>Vice Director General<\/em>], <strong>Chris Justice<\/strong> [University of Maryland, College Park (UMD)\u2014<em>LCLUC Program Scientist<\/em>], <strong>Matsunaga Tsuneo<\/strong> [National Institute of Environmental Studies (NIES), Japan], and <strong>Krishna Vadrevu<\/strong> [NASA\u2019s Marshall Space Flight Center\u2014<em>SARI Lead<\/em>] delivered opening remarks that highlighted collaborations across air pollution, agriculture, forestry, urban development, and other LUCC research areas. While each of the speakers covered different topics, they emphasized common themes, including advancing new science algorithms, co-developing products, and fostering applications through capacity building and training.<\/p>\n<p>After the opening remarks, special guest <strong>Marc Knapper <\/strong>[U.S. Ambassador to Vietnam] gave a presentation in which he emphasized the value of collaborative research between U.S. and Vietnamese scientists to address environmental challenges \u2013 especially climate change and LUCC issues. He expressed appreciation to the meeting organizers for promoting these collaborations and highlighted the joint initiatives between NASA and the\u00a0U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) to monitor environmental health and climate change, develop policies to reduce emissions, and support adaptation in agriculture. The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.csis.org\/analysis\/indispensable-upgrade-us-vietnam-comprehensive-strategic-partnership\" rel=\"noopener\">U.S.\u2013Vietnam Comprehensive Strategic Partnership<\/a> emphasizes the commitment to address climate challenges and advance bilateral research. He concluded by encouraging active participation from all attendees and stressed the need for ongoing international collaboration to develop effective LUCC policies.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Session-II: Programmatic and Space Agency Presentations<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><em>NOTE<\/em><\/strong><em>: Other than Ambassador Knapper, the presenters in Session I gave welcoming remarks and programmatic and\/or space agency presentations in Session II,.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>Garik Gutman<\/strong> began the second session by presenting an overview of the LCLUC program, which aims to enhance understanding of LUCC dynamics and environmental implications by integrating diverse data sources (i.e., satellite remote sensing) with socioeconomic and ecological datasets for a comprehensive view of land-use change drivers and consequences. Over the past 25 years, LCLUC has funded over 325 projects involving more than 800 researchers, resulting in over 1500 publications. The program\u2019s focus balances project distribution that spans detection and monitoring, and impacts and consequences, including drivers, modeling, and synthesis. Gutman highlighted examples of population growth and urban expansion in Southeast Asia, resulting in environmental and socio-economic impacts. Urbanization accelerates deforestation, shifts farming practices to higher-value crops, and contributes to the loss of wetlands. This transformation alters the carbon cycle, degrades air quality, and increases flooding risks due to reduced rainwater absorption. Multi-source remote sensing data and social dimensions are essential in addressing LUCC issues, and the program aims to foster international collaborations and capacity building in land-change science through partnerships and training initiatives. (To learn more about the recent activities of the LCLUC Science Team, see <a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/science-research\/earth-science\/summary-of-the-2024-nasa-lcluc-science-team-meeting\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Summary of the 2024 Land Cover Land Use Change Science Team Meeting<\/a>.)<\/p>\n<p><strong>Krishna Vadrevu<\/strong> explained how SARI connects regional and national projects with researchers from the U.S. and local institutions to advance LUCC mapping, monitoring, and impact assessments through shared methodologies and data. The initiative has spurred extensive activities, including meetings, training sessions, publications, collaborations, and fieldwork. To date, the LCLUC program has funded 35 SARI projects and helped build collaborations with space agencies, universities, and decision-makers worldwide. SARI Principal Investigators have documented notable land-cover and land-use transformations, observing shifts in land conversion practices across Asia. For example, the transition from traditional slash-and-burn practices for subsistence agriculture to industrial oil palm and rubber plantations in Southeast Asia. Rapid urbanization has also reshaped several South and Southeast Asian regions, expanding both horizontally in rural areas and vertically in urban centers. The current SARI solicitation funds three projects across Asia, integrating the latest remote sensing data and methods to map, monitor, and assess LUCC drivers and impacts to support policy-making.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Vu Tuan <\/strong>provided a comprehensive overview of Vietnam\u2019s advances in satellite technology and Earth observation capabilities, particularly through the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.eoportal.org\/satellite-missions\/lotusat-1\" rel=\"noopener\">LOTUSat-1 satellite<\/a> (name derived from the \u201cLotus\u201d flower), which is equipped with an advanced <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/learn\/earth-observation-data-basics\/sar\" rel=\"noopener\">X-band Synthetic Aperture Radar<\/a> (SAR) sensor capable of providing high-resolution imagery [ranging from 1\u201316 m (3\u201352 ft)]. This satellite is integral to Vietnam\u2019s efforts to enhance disaster management and climate change mitigation, as well as to support a range of applications in topography, agriculture, forestry, and water management, as well as in oceanography and environmental monitoring. The VNSC\u2019s efforts are part of a broader strategy to build national expertise and self-reliance in satellite technology, such as developing a range of small satellites (e.g., NanoDragon, PicoDragon, and MicroDragon) that progress in size and capability. Alongside satellite development, the VNSC has established key infrastructure, facilities, and capacity building in Hanoi, Nha Trang, and Ho Chi Minh City to support satellite assembly, integration, testing, and operation. Tuan showcased the application of remotely sensed LUCC data to map and monitor urban expansion in Ha Long city from 2000\u20132023 and the policies needed to manage these changes sustainably \u2013 see <strong>Figure 1<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<div class=\"hds-media hds-module wp-block-image\">\n<div class=\"margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-inline\">\n<div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\">\n<figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-fit \"><a href=\"https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/earth-observer\/2025\/2025-winter\/2025-lcluc\/Figure_1.png?w=1440&#038;h=692&#038;fit=clip&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1440\" height=\"692\" src=\"https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/earth-observer\/2025\/2025-winter\/2025-lcluc\/Figure_1.png?w=1440&#038;h=692&#038;fit=clip&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint\" class=\"attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048\" alt=\"LCLUC figure 1\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/earth-observer\/2025\/2025-winter\/2025-lcluc\/Figure_1.png?w=1440&#038;h=692&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1440w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/earth-observer\/2025\/2025-winter\/2025-lcluc\/Figure_1.png?w=300&#038;h=144&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 300w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/earth-observer\/2025\/2025-winter\/2025-lcluc\/Figure_1.png?w=768&#038;h=369&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 768w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/earth-observer\/2025\/2025-winter\/2025-lcluc\/Figure_1.png?w=1024&#038;h=492&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1024w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/earth-observer\/2025\/2025-winter\/2025-lcluc\/Figure_1.png?w=400&#038;h=192&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 400w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/earth-observer\/2025\/2025-winter\/2025-lcluc\/Figure_1.png?w=600&#038;h=288&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 600w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/earth-observer\/2025\/2025-winter\/2025-lcluc\/Figure_1.png?w=900&#038;h=433&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 900w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/earth-observer\/2025\/2025-winter\/2025-lcluc\/Figure_1.png?w=1200&#038;h=577&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1440px) 100vw, 1440px\"><\/a><\/figure><figcaption class=\"hds-caption padding-y-2\">\n<div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0\"><strong>Figure 1.<\/strong> Urban expansion area in Ha Long City, Vietnam from 2000\u20132023 from multidate Landsat satellite imagery.<\/div>\n<div class=\"hds-credits\"><strong>Figure credit<\/strong>: Vu Tuan [VNSC]<\/div>\n<\/figcaption><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><strong>Tsuneo<\/strong> <strong>Matsunaga <\/strong>provided a detailed overview of Japan\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/science-research\/earth-science\/summary-of-the-2024-nasa-lcluc-science-team-meeting\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite<\/a> (GOSAT) series of satellites, data from which provide valuable insights into global greenhouse gas (GHG) trends and support international climate agreements, including the Paris Agreement.<\/p>\n<p>Matsunaga reviewed the first two satellites in the series: GOSAT and GOSAT-2, then previewed the next satellite in the series: GOSAT-GW, which is scheduled to launch in 2025. GOSAT-GW will fly the Total Anthropogenic and Natural Emissions Mapping Observatory\u20133 (TANSO-3) \u2013 an improved version of TANSO-2, which flies on GOSAT-2.\u00a0TANSO-3 includes a Fourier Transform Spectrometer (FTS-3) that has improved spatial resolution [10.5 km (6.5 mi)] over TANSO-FTS-2 and precision that matches or exceeds that of its predecessor. TANSO-FTS-3 will allow estimates with precision better than 1 ppm for carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2<\/sub>) and 10 ppb for methane (CH<sub>4<\/sub>), as well as enabling nitrogen dioxide (NO<sub>2<\/sub>) measurements. GOSAT\u2013GW will also fly the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR3) that will monitor water cycle components (e.g., precipitation, soil moisture) and ocean surface winds. AMSR3 builds on the heritage of three previous AMSR instruments that have flown on NASA and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) missions.<\/p>\n<p>Matsunaga also highlighted the importance of ground-based validation networks, such as the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tccon.caltech.edu\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Total Carbon Column Observing Network<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nies.go.jp\/soc\/doc\/Oral_Presentations\/Session5-6\/5-4_iw15op_Matthias_Frey_a.pdf\" rel=\"noopener\">COllaborative Carbon Column Observing Network<\/a>, and the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pandonia-global-network.org\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Pandora Global Network<\/a>, to ensure satellite data accuracy.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Son Nghiem<\/strong> [NASA\/Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL)] addressed dynamic LUCC in Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, and Malaysia. The synthesis study examined the factors that evolve along the rural\u2013urban continuum (RUC). Nghiem showcased this effort using Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data from the Copernicus <a href=\"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/Applications\/Observing_the_Earth\/Copernicus\/Sentinel-1\" rel=\"noopener\">Sentinel-1<\/a> mission to map a typical RUC in Bac Lieu, Vietnam \u2013 see <strong>Figure 2<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<div class=\"hds-media hds-module wp-block-image\">\n<div class=\"margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-inline\">\n<div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\">\n<figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-fit \"><a href=\"https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/earth-observer\/2025\/2025-winter\/2025-lcluc\/Figure_2.png?w=1440&#038;h=1012&#038;fit=clip&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1440\" height=\"1012\" src=\"https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/earth-observer\/2025\/2025-winter\/2025-lcluc\/Figure_2.png?w=1440&#038;h=1012&#038;fit=clip&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint\" class=\"attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048\" alt=\"LCLUC figure 2\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/earth-observer\/2025\/2025-winter\/2025-lcluc\/Figure_2.png?w=1440&#038;h=1012&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1440w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/earth-observer\/2025\/2025-winter\/2025-lcluc\/Figure_2.png?w=300&#038;h=211&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 300w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/earth-observer\/2025\/2025-winter\/2025-lcluc\/Figure_2.png?w=768&#038;h=540&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 768w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/earth-observer\/2025\/2025-winter\/2025-lcluc\/Figure_2.png?w=1024&#038;h=720&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1024w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/earth-observer\/2025\/2025-winter\/2025-lcluc\/Figure_2.png?w=400&#038;h=281&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 400w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/earth-observer\/2025\/2025-winter\/2025-lcluc\/Figure_2.png?w=600&#038;h=422&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 600w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/earth-observer\/2025\/2025-winter\/2025-lcluc\/Figure_2.png?w=900&#038;h=633&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 900w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/earth-observer\/2025\/2025-winter\/2025-lcluc\/Figure_2.png?w=1200&#038;h=843&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1440px) 100vw, 1440px\"><\/a><\/figure><figcaption class=\"hds-caption padding-y-2\">\n<div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0\"><strong>Figure 2. <\/strong>Land cover map of Bae Lieu, Vietnam, and surrounding rural areas.\u00a0The image shows persistent building structures (red), agricultural areas (light green), aquacultural (light blue), tree cover (dark green), and water bodies (dark blue). Land-use classes used on this map are derived from Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) for the rural urban continuum around Bac Lieu.<\/div>\n<div class=\"hds-credits\"><strong>Figure credit:<\/strong> Son Nghiem [JPL]<\/div>\n<\/figcaption><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Nghiem described the study, which examined the role of rapid urbanization, agricultural conversion, climate change, and environment\u2013human feedback processes in causing non-stationary and unpredictable impacts. This work illustrates how traditional trend analysis is insufficient for future planning. The study also examined whether slower or more gradual changes could inform policy development. To test these hypotheses, his research will integrate high-resolution radar and hyperspectral data with socioeconomic analyses. The study highlights the need for policies that are flexible and responsive to the unique challenges of different areas, particularly in \u201chot-spot\u201d regions experiencing rapid changes.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Peilei Fan<\/strong> [Tufts University] presented a study that synthesizes the complex patterns of LUCC, identifying both the spatial and temporal dynamics that characterize transitions in urban systems. The study explores key drivers, including economic development, population growth, urbanization, agricultural expansion, and policy shifts. She emphasized the importance of understanding these drivers for sustainable land management and urban planning. For example, the Yangon region of Myanmar has undergone rapid urbanization \u2013 see <strong>Figure 3<\/strong>. Her work reveals the need for integrated approaches that consider both urban and rural perspectives to manage land resources effectively and mitigate negative environmental and social impacts. Through a combination of case studies, statistical analysis, and policy review, Fan and her team aim to provide a nuanced understanding of the interactions between human activities and environmental changes occurring in the rapidly transforming landscapes of Southeast Asia.<\/p>\n<div class=\"hds-media hds-module wp-block-image\">\n<div class=\"margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-inline\">\n<div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\">\n<figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-fit \"><a href=\"https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/earth-observer\/2025\/2025-winter\/2025-lcluc\/Figure_3.png?w=1440&#038;h=881&#038;fit=clip&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1440\" height=\"881\" src=\"https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/earth-observer\/2025\/2025-winter\/2025-lcluc\/Figure_3.png?w=1440&#038;h=881&#038;fit=clip&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint\" class=\"attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048\" alt=\"LCLUC figure 3\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/earth-observer\/2025\/2025-winter\/2025-lcluc\/Figure_3.png?w=1440&#038;h=881&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1440w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/earth-observer\/2025\/2025-winter\/2025-lcluc\/Figure_3.png?w=300&#038;h=184&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 300w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/earth-observer\/2025\/2025-winter\/2025-lcluc\/Figure_3.png?w=768&#038;h=470&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 768w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/earth-observer\/2025\/2025-winter\/2025-lcluc\/Figure_3.png?w=1024&#038;h=626&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1024w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/earth-observer\/2025\/2025-winter\/2025-lcluc\/Figure_3.png?w=400&#038;h=245&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 400w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/earth-observer\/2025\/2025-winter\/2025-lcluc\/Figure_3.png?w=600&#038;h=367&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 600w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/earth-observer\/2025\/2025-winter\/2025-lcluc\/Figure_3.png?w=900&#038;h=551&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 900w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/earth-observer\/2025\/2025-winter\/2025-lcluc\/Figure_3.png?w=1200&#038;h=734&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1440px) 100vw, 1440px\"><\/a><\/figure><figcaption class=\"hds-caption padding-y-2\">\n<div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0\"><strong>Figure 3. <\/strong>Landsat data can be used to track land cover change over time.\u00a0For example, Thematic Mapper data have been used to track urban expansion around Yangon, Myanmar. The data show that the built-up area expanded from 161 km<sup>2<\/sup> (62 mi<sup>2<\/sup>) in 1990 to 739 km<sup>2<\/sup> (285 mi<sup>2<\/sup>) in 2020.<\/div>\n<div class=\"hds-credits\"><strong>Figure credit: <\/strong>Peleli Fan [Tufts University]<\/div>\n<\/figcaption><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><strong>Session III: Land Cover\/Land Use Change Studies<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Tanapat Tanaratkaittikul<\/strong> [Geo-Informatics and Space Technology Development Agency (GISTDA), Thailand] highlighted GISTDA activities, which play a crucial role in advancing Thailand\u2019s technological capabilities and addressing both national and global challenges, including <a href=\"https:\/\/www.eoportal.org\/satellite-missions\/theos\" rel=\"noopener\">Thailand Earth Observation System<\/a> (THEOS) and its successors: THEOS-2 and THEOS-2A. THEOS-1, which launched in 2008, provides 2-m (6-ft) panchromatic and 15-m (45-ft) multispectral resolution with a 26-day revisit cycle, which can be reduced to 3 days with off-nadir pointing. Launched in 2023, THEOS-2 includes two satellites \u2013 THEOS-2A [a very high-resolution satellite with 0.5-m (1.5-ft) panchromatic and 2-m (6-ft) multispectral imagery] and THEOS-2B [a high-resolution satellite with 4-m (12-ft) multispectral resolution] \u2013 with a five-day revisit cycle. GISTDA also develops geospatial applications for drought assessment, flood prediction, and carbon credit calculations to support government decision-making and climate initiatives. GISTDA partners with international collaborators on regional projects, such as the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.lmcchina.org\/eng\/index.html\" rel=\"noopener\">Lancang-Mekong Cooperation Special Fund Project<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Eric Vermote<\/strong> [NASA\u2019s Goddard Space Flight Center] presented a keynote that focused on atmospheric correction of land remote sensing data and related algorithm updates. He highlighted the necessity of correcting surface imaging for atmospheric effects, such as molecular scattering, aerosol scattering, and gaseous absorption, which can significantly distort the satellite spectral signals and lead to potential errors in applications, such as land cover mapping, vegetation monitoring, and climate change studies.<\/p>\n<p>Vermote explained that the surface reflectance algorithm uses precise vector radiative transfer modeling to improve accuracy by incorporating atmospheric parameter inversion. It also adjusts for various atmospheric conditions and aerosol types \u2013 enhancing corrections across regions and seasons. He explained that<a href=\"https:\/\/www.weatherusa.net\/skycamnet\" rel=\"noopener\">\u00a0SkyCam<\/a> \u2013 a network of ground-based cameras \u2013 provides real-time assessments of cloud cover that can be used to validate cloud masks, while the Cloud and Aerosol Measurement System (CAMSIS) offers additional ground validation by measuring atmospheric conditions. He said that together, SkyCam and CAMSIS improve satellite-derived cloud masks, supporting more accurate climate models and environmental monitoring. Vermote\u2019s work highlights the ongoing advancement of atmospheric correction methods in remote sensing.<\/p>\n<p>Other presentations in this session included one in which the speaker described how\u00a0Yangon, the capital city in Myanmar, is undergoing rapid urbanization and industrial growth. From 1990\u20132020, the urban area expanded by over 225% \u2013 largely at the expense of agricultural and green lands. Twenty-nine industrial zones cover about 10.92% of the city, which have attracted significant foreign direct investment, particularly in labor-intensive sectors. This growth has led to challenges with land confiscations, inadequate infrastructure, and environmental issues (e.g., air pollution). Additionally, rural migration for employment has resulted in informal settlements, emphasizing the need for comprehensive urban planning that balances economic development with social equity and sustainability.<\/p>\n<p>Another presentation highlighted varying LUCC trends across Vietnam. In the Northern and Central Coastal Uplands, for example, swidden systems are shifting toward permanent tree crops, such as rubber and coffee. Meanwhile, the Red River Delta is seeing urban densification and consolidation of farmland \u2013 transitioning from rice to mixed farming with increased fruit and flower production. Similarly, the Central Coastal Lowlands and Southeastern regions are experiencing urban growth and a shift from coastal agriculture \u2013 in this case, to shrimp farming \u2013 leading to mangrove loss. The Central Highlands is moving from swidden to tree crops, particularly fruit trees, while the Mekong River Delta is increasing rice cropping and aquaculture. These changes contribute to urbanization, altered farming practices, and biodiversity loss. Advanced algorithms (e.g., the Time-Feature Convolutional Neural Network model) are being used to effectively map these varied LUCC changes in Vietnam.<\/p>\n<p>Another presenter explained how 10-m (33-ft) resolution spatially gridded population datasets are essential to address LUCC in environmental and socio-demographic research. There was also a demonstration of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.popgrid.org\/\" rel=\"noopener\">PopGrid<\/a>, which is a collaborative initiative that provides access to various global-gridded population databases, which are valuable for regional LUCC studies and can support informed decision-making and policy development.<\/p>\n<p><strong>DAY TWO<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The second day\u2019s presentations centered around urban LUCC (Session IV) as well as interconnections between agriculture and water resources. (Session V).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Session IV: Urban Land Cover\/Land Use Change<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Gay Perez<\/strong> [Philippines Remote Sensing Agency (PhilSA)] presented a keynote focused on PhilSA\u2019s mission to advance Philippines as a space-capable country by developing indigenous satellite and launch technologies. He explained that PhilSA provides satellite data in various categories, including sovereign, commercial, open-access, and disaster-activated. He noted that the ground infrastructure \u2013 which includes three stations and a new facility in Quezon \u2013 supports efficient data processing. For example, Perez stated that in 2023, PhilSA produced over 10,000 maps for disaster relief, agricultural assessments, and conservation planning.<\/p>\n<p>Perez reviewed PhilSA\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diwata-2\" rel=\"noopener\">Diwata-2<\/a> mission, which launched in 2018 and operates in a Sun-synchronous orbit around 620 km (385 mi) above Earth. With a 10-day revisit capability, it features a high-precision telescope [4.7 m (15ft) resolution], a multispectral imager with four bands, an enhanced resolution camera, and a wide-field camera. Since launch, Diwata-2 has captured over 100,000 global images, covering 95% of the Philippines.\u00a0Looking to the near future, Perez reported that PhilSA\u2019s launch of the Multispectral Unit for Land Assessment (MULA) satellite is planned for 2025. He explained that MULA will capture images with a 5-m (~16-ft) resolution and 10\u201320-day revisit time, featuring 10 spectral bands for vegetation, water, and urban analysis.<\/p>\n<p>Perez also described the <a href=\"https:\/\/ispweb.pcaarrd.dost.gov.ph\/crop-forecasting-system\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Drought and Crop Assessment and Forecasting<\/a> project, which addresses drought risks and mapping ground motion in areas, e.g., Baguio City and Pangasinan. Through partnerships in the <a href=\"https:\/\/philsa.gov.ph\/papgapi-pan\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Pan-Asia Partnership for Geospatial Air Pollution Information<\/a> (PAPGAPI) and the Pandora Asia Network, PhilSA monitors air quality across key locations, tracking urban pollution and cross-border particulate transport. PhilSA continues to strengthen Southeast Asian partnerships to drive sustainable development in the region.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Jiquan Chen<\/strong> [Michigan State University] presented the second keynote address, which focused on the Urban Rural Continuum (URC). Chen emphasized the importance of synthesizing studies that explore factors such as population dynamics, living standards, and economic development in the URC. Key considerations include differentiating between two- and three-dimensional infrastructures and understanding constraints from historical contexts. Chen highlighted critical variables from his analysis including net primary productivity, household income, and essential infrastructure elements, such as transportation and healthcare systems. He advocated for integrated models that combine mechanistic and empirical approaches to grasp the dynamics of URC changes, stressing their implications for urban planning, environmental sustainability, and social equity. He concluded with a call for collaboration to enhance these models and tackle challenges arising from the changing urban\u2013rural landscape.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Tep Makathy <\/strong>[Cambodian Institute For Urban Studies] discussed urbanization in Phnom Penh, Cambodia.\u00a0He explained that significant LUCC and infrastructure developments have been fueled by direct foreign investment; however, this development has resulted in environmental degradation, urban flooding, and infrastructure strain. Tackling pollution, congestion, preservation of green spaces, and preserving the historical heritage of the city will require sustainable urban planning efforts.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Nguyen Thi Thuy Hang<\/strong> [Vietnam Japan University, Vietnam National University, Hanoi] explained how flooding poses a significant annual threat to infrastructure and livelihoods in Can Tho, Vietnam. Therefore, it is essential to incorporate climate change considerations into land-use planning by enhancing the accuracy of vegetation layer classifications.\u00a0Doing so will improve the representation of land-cover dynamics in models that decision-makers use when planning urban development. In addition, Hang reported that a more comprehensive survey of dyke systems will improve flood protection and identify areas needing reinforcement or redesign. These studies could also explore salinity intrusion in coastal agricultural areas that could impact crop yields and endanger food security.<\/p>\n<p>In this session, two presenters highlighted how SAR data, which uses high backscatter to enhance the radar signal, is being used to assist with mapping urban areas in their respective countries. The phase stability and orientation of building structures across SAR images aid in consistent monitoring and backscatter, producing distinct image textures specific to urban settings. Researchers can use this heterogeneity and texture to map urban footprints, enabling automated discrimination between urban and non-urban areas. The first presenters showed how<a href=\"https:\/\/www.usgs.gov\/centers\/land-subsidence-in-california\/science\/interferometric-synthetic-aperture-radar-insar\" rel=\"noopener\"> Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar<\/a> techniques, such as Small Baseline Subset (SBAS) and Persistent Scatterer (PS) have been highly effective for mapping and monitoring land subsidence in coastal and urban areas in Vietnam. This approach has been applied to areas along the Saigon River as well as in Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam. The second presenter described an approach (using SAR data with multitemporal coherence and the K-means classification method) that has been used effectively to study urban growth in the Denpasar Greater Area of Indonesia between 2016 and 2022.\u00a0The technique identified the conversion of 4376 km<sup>2<\/sup> (1690 mi<sup>2<\/sup>) of rural to built-up areas, averaging 72.9 hectares (0.3 mi<sup>2<\/sup>) per year. Urban sprawl was predominantly observed in the North Kuta District, where the shift from agricultural to built-up land use has been accompanied by severe traffic congestion and other environmental issues.<\/p>\n<p>Another presenter showed how data from the QuikSCAT instrument, which flew on the Quick Scatterometer satellite, and from the Sentinel-1 C-band SAR can be combined to measure and analyze urban built-up volume,  specifically focusing on the vertical growth of buildings across various cities. By integrating these datasets, researchers can assess urban expansion, monitor the development of high-rise buildings, and evaluate the impact of urbanization on infrastructure and land use. This information is essential for urban planning, helping city planners and policymakers make informed decisions to accommodate growing populations and enhance sustainable urban development.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Session V \u2013 LUCC, Agriculture, and Water Resources<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Chris Justice<\/strong> presented the keynote for this session, in which he addressed the GEOGLAM initiative and the NASA Harvest program. GEOGLAM, initiated by the G20 Agriculture Ministers in 2011, focuses on agriculture and food security to increase market transparency and improve food security. These efforts leverage satellite-based Earth observations to produce and disseminate timely, relevant, and actionable information about agricultural conditions at national, regional, and global scales to support agricultural markets and provide early warnings for proactive responses to emerging food emergencies. NASA Harvest uses satellite Earth observations to benefit global food security, sustainability, and agriculture for disaster response, climate risk assessments, and policy support. Justice also emphasized the use of open science and open data principles, promoting the integration of Earth observation data into national and international agricultural monitoring systems. He also discussed the development and application of essential agricultural variables, <em>in situ<\/em> data requirements, and the need for comprehensive and accurate satellite data products.<\/p>\n<p>During this session, another presentation focused on how VNSC is engaged in several agricultural projects, including mapping rice crops, estimating yields, and assessing environmental impacts. VNSC has created high-accuracy rice maps for different seasons that the Vietnamese government uses to monitor and manage agricultural production. Current initiatives involve using satellite data to estimate CH<sub>4<\/sub> emissions from rice paddies, biomass mapping, and monitoring rice straw burning. For example, in the Mekong Delta, numerous environmental factors, including climate change-induced stress (e.g., sea-level rise), flooding, drought, land subsidence, and saltwater intrusion, along with human activities like dam construction, sand mining, and groundwater extraction, threaten the sustainability of rice farming and farmer livelihoods. To address these challenges, sustainable agricultural practices are essential to improving rice quality, diversify farming systems, adopt low-carbon techniques, and enhance water management.<\/p>\n<p>Presentations highlighted the importance of both optical and SAR data for LUCC studies, particularly in mapping agricultural areas. A study using Landsat time-series data demonstrated its value in monitoring agricultural LUCC in Houa Phan Province, Laos, and Son La Province, Vietnam. Land cover types were classified through spectral pattern analysis, identifying distinct classes based on Landsat reflectance values. The findings revealed significant natural forest loss alongside increases in cropland and forest plantations due to agricultural expansion. High-resolution imagery validated these results, indicating the scalability of this approach for broader regional and global land-cover monitoring. Another study showcased the effectiveness of SAR data from the Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar-2 (PALSAR-2) on the Japanese Advanced Land Observing Satellite-2 (ALOS-2) for mapping and monitoring agricultural land use in Suphanburi, Thailand. This data proved particularly useful for capturing seasonal variations and diverse agricultural practices. Supervised machine learning methods, such as Random Forest classifiers, combined with innovative spatial averaging techniques, achieved high accuracy in distinguishing various agricultural conditions.<\/p>\n<p>In the session, presenters also discussed the use of Sentinel-1 SAR data for mapping submerged and non-submerged paddy soils was highlighted, demonstrating its effectiveness in understanding water management issues see \u2013 Figure 4. Additionally, large-scale remote sensing data and cloud computing were shown to provide unprecedented opportunities for tracking agricultural land-use changes in greater detail. Case studies from India and China illustrated key challenges, such as groundwater depletion in irrigated agriculture across the Indo-Ganges region and the impacts on food, water, and air quality in both countries.<\/p>\n<div class=\"hds-media hds-module wp-block-image\">\n<div class=\"margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-inline\">\n<div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\">\n<figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-fit \"><a href=\"https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/earth-observer\/2025\/2025-winter\/2025-lcluc\/Figure_4-3.png?w=1440&#038;h=332&#038;fit=clip&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1440\" height=\"332\" src=\"https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/earth-observer\/2025\/2025-winter\/2025-lcluc\/Figure_4-3.png?w=1440&#038;h=332&#038;fit=clip&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint\" class=\"attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048\" alt=\"LCLUC figure 4\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/earth-observer\/2025\/2025-winter\/2025-lcluc\/Figure_4-3.png?w=1440&#038;h=332&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1440w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/earth-observer\/2025\/2025-winter\/2025-lcluc\/Figure_4-3.png?w=300&#038;h=69&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 300w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/earth-observer\/2025\/2025-winter\/2025-lcluc\/Figure_4-3.png?w=768&#038;h=177&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 768w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/earth-observer\/2025\/2025-winter\/2025-lcluc\/Figure_4-3.png?w=1024&#038;h=236&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1024w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/earth-observer\/2025\/2025-winter\/2025-lcluc\/Figure_4-3.png?w=400&#038;h=92&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 400w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/earth-observer\/2025\/2025-winter\/2025-lcluc\/Figure_4-3.png?w=600&#038;h=138&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 600w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/earth-observer\/2025\/2025-winter\/2025-lcluc\/Figure_4-3.png?w=900&#038;h=208&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 900w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/earth-observer\/2025\/2025-winter\/2025-lcluc\/Figure_4-3.png?w=1200&#038;h=277&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1440px) 100vw, 1440px\"><\/a><\/figure><figcaption class=\"hds-caption padding-y-2\">\n<div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0\"><strong>Figure 4. <\/strong>Series of Sentinel-1 radar data images showing submerged paddy soil (blue) and non-submerged paddy soil (red) in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam.<\/div>\n<div class=\"hds-credits\"><strong>Figure credit<\/strong>: Hiranori Arai [International Rice Research Institute]<\/div>\n<\/figcaption><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>The session also focused on Water\u2013Energy\u2013Food (WEF) issues related to the Mekong River Basin\u2019s extensive network of hydroelectric dams, which present both benefits and challenges. While these dams support sectors such as irrigated agriculture and hydropower, they also disrupt vital ecosystem services, including fish habitats and biodiversity. Collaborative studies integrating satellite and ground data, hydrological models, and socio-economic frameworks highlight the need to balance these benefits with ecological and social costs. Achieving sustainable management requires cross-sectoral and cross-border cooperation, as well as the incorporation of traditional knowledge to address WEF trade-offs and governance challenges in the region.<\/p>\n<p><strong>DAY THREE<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The third day included a session that explored the impacts of fire, GHG emissions, and pollution (Session VI) as well as a summary discussion on synthesis (Session VII).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Session VI: Fires, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, and Pollution<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Chris Elvidge<\/strong> [Colorado School of Mines] presented a keynote on the capabilities and applications of the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) <a href=\"https:\/\/payneinstitute.mines.edu\/eog\/viirs-nightfire-vnf\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Nightfire<\/a> [VNF] system, an advanced satellite-based tool developed by the Earth Observation Group. VIIRS Nightfire uses four near- and short-wave infrared channels, initially designed for daytime imaging, to detect and monitor infrared emissions at night. The system identifies various combustion sources, including both flaming and non-flaming activities (e.g., biomass burning, gas flaring, and industrial processes). It calculates the temperature, source area, and radiant heat of detected infrared emitters using physical laws to enable precise monitoring of combustion events and provide insight into exothermic and endothermic processes.<\/p>\n<p>Elvidge explained that VNF has been vital for near-real-time data in Southeast Asia. The system has been used to issue daily alerts for Vietnam, Thailand, and Indonesia. Recent updates in Version 4 (V4) include atmospheric corrections and testing for secondary emitters with algorithmic improvements \u2013  with a 50% success rate in identifying additional heat sources. The Earth Observation Group maintains a multiyear catalog of over 20,000 industrial infrared emitters available through the <a href=\"https:\/\/eogmap.mines.edu\/giree\" rel=\"noopener\">Global Infrared Emitter Explorer<\/a> (GIREE) web-map service. With VIIRS sensors expected to operate until about 2040 on the Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS) platforms, this system ensures long-term, robust monitoring and analysis of global combustion events, proving essential for tracking the environmental impacts of industrial activities and natural combustion processes on the atmosphere and ecosystems.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Toshimasa Ohara<\/strong> [Center for Environmental Science, Japan\u2014<em>Research Director<\/em>] continued with the second keynote and provided an in-depth analysis of long-term trends in anthropogenic emissions across Asia. The regional mission inventory in Asia encompasses a range of pollutants and offers detailed emissions data from 1950\u20132020 at high spatial and temporal resolutions. The study employs both bottom-up and top-down approaches for estimating emissions, integrating satellite observations to validate data and address uncertainties. Notably, emissions from China, India, and Japan have shown signs of stabilization or reduction, attributed to stricter emission control policies and technological advancements. Ohara also highlighted Japan\u2019s effective air pollution measures and the importance of extensive observational data in corroborating emission trends. His presentation emphasized the need for improved methodologies in emission inventory development and validation across Asia, aiming to enhance policymaking and environmental management in rapidly industrializing regions.<\/p>\n<p>Several presenters during this session focused on innovative approaches to understand and mitigate GHG emissions and air pollution. One presenter showed how NO<sub>2<\/sub> data from the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tropomi.eu\/\" rel=\"noopener\">TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument<\/a> (TROPOMI) on the European Sentinel-5 Precursor have been validated against ground-based observations from <a href=\"https:\/\/earth.gsfc.nasa.gov\/acd\/instruments\/pandora\" rel=\"noopener\">Pandora<\/a> stations in Japan, highlighting the influence of atmospheric conditions on measurement accuracy. Another presenter described an innovative system that GISTDA used to combine satellite remote sensing data with Artificial Intelligence (AI). This system was used to monitor and analyze the concentration of <em>fine<\/em> particulate matter (PM) in the atmosphere in Thailand.\u00a0(In this context fine is defined as particles with diameters \u2264 2.5 \u00b5m, or PM<sub>2.5.<\/sub>) These applications, which are accessible through online, cloud-based platforms and mobile applications for iOS and Android devices, allow users, including citizens, government officers, and policymakers, to access PM<sub>2.5<\/sub> data in real-time through web and mobile interfaces.<\/p>\n<p>A project under the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific in Thailand is focused on improving air quality monitoring across the Asia\u2013Pacific region by integrating satellite and ground-based data. At the core of this effort, the Pandora Asia Network, which includes 30 ground-based instruments measuring pollutants such as NO\u2082 and sulfur dioxide (SO\u2082), is complemented by high-resolution observations from the Geostationary Environment Monitoring Spectrometer (GEMS) aboard South Korea\u2019s GEO-KOMPSAT-2B (GK-2B) satellite. The initiative also provides training sessions to strengthen regional expertise in remote sensing technologies for air quality management and develops decision support systems for evidence-based policymaking, particularly for monitoring pollution sources and transboundary effects like volcanic eruptions. Future plans include expanding the Pandora network and enhancing data integration to support local environmental management practices.<\/p>\n<p>PM<sub>2.5<\/sub> levels in Vietnam are influenced by both local emissions and long-range pollutant transport, particularly in urban areas.The Vietnam University of Engineering and Technology, in conjunction with VNSC, continues to map and monitor PM<sub>2.5 <\/sub>using satellites and machine learning while addressing data quality issues that stem from missing satellite data and limited ground monitoring stations \u2013 see <strong>Figure 5<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>In addition to mapping and monitoring pollutants, another presentater explained that significant research is underway to address their health impacts. In Hanoi, exposure to pollutants ( e.g., PM<sub>2.5<\/sub>, PM<sub>10<\/sub>, and NO<sub>2<\/sub>) has led to increased rates of respiratory diseases (e.g., pneumonia, bronchitis, and asthma) among children,\u00a0 as well as elevated instances of cardiovascular diseases among adults. A substantial mortality burden is attributable to fine particulate matter \u2013 particularly in densely populated areas like Hanoi. Compliance with stricter air quality guidelines could potentially prevent thousands of premature deaths. For example, preventive measures enacted during the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in reduced pollution levels that were associated with a decrease in avoidable mortality rates. In response to these challenges, Vietnam has implemented air quality management policies, including national technical regulations and action plans aimed at controlling emissions and enhancing monitoring; however, current national standards still fall short of the more stringent guidelines recommended by the World Health Organization. Improved air quality standards and effective policy interventions are needed to mitigate the health risks associated with air pollution in Vietnam.<\/p>\n<div class=\"hds-media hds-module wp-block-image\">\n<div class=\"margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-inline\">\n<div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\">\n<figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-fit \"><a href=\"https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/earth-observer\/2025\/2025-winter\/2025-lcluc\/Figure_5.png?w=1440&#038;h=1895&#038;fit=clip&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1440\" height=\"1895\" src=\"https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/earth-observer\/2025\/2025-winter\/2025-lcluc\/Figure_5.png?w=1440&#038;h=1895&#038;fit=clip&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint\" class=\"attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048\" alt=\"LCLUC figure 5\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/earth-observer\/2025\/2025-winter\/2025-lcluc\/Figure_5.png?w=1440&#038;h=1895&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1440w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/earth-observer\/2025\/2025-winter\/2025-lcluc\/Figure_5.png?w=228&#038;h=300&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 228w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/earth-observer\/2025\/2025-winter\/2025-lcluc\/Figure_5.png?w=768&#038;h=1011&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 768w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/earth-observer\/2025\/2025-winter\/2025-lcluc\/Figure_5.png?w=778&#038;h=1024&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 778w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/earth-observer\/2025\/2025-winter\/2025-lcluc\/Figure_5.png?w=1167&#038;h=1536&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1167w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/earth-observer\/2025\/2025-winter\/2025-lcluc\/Figure_5.png?w=304&#038;h=400&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 304w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/earth-observer\/2025\/2025-winter\/2025-lcluc\/Figure_5.png?w=456&#038;h=600&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 456w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/earth-observer\/2025\/2025-winter\/2025-lcluc\/Figure_5.png?w=684&#038;h=900&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 684w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/earth-observer\/2025\/2025-winter\/2025-lcluc\/Figure_5.png?w=912&#038;h=1200&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 912w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1440px) 100vw, 1440px\"><\/a><\/figure><figcaption class=\"hds-caption padding-y-2\">\n<div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0\"><strong>Figure 5. <\/strong>Map of particulate matter (PM <sub>2.5<\/sub>) variations observed across Vietnam, using multisatellite aerosol optical depth (AOD) data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrogradiometer (MODIS) on NASA\u2019s Aqua and Terra platforms, and from the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) on the NASA\u2013NOAA Suomi NPP platform, combined with ground-based AOD and meteorological data.<\/div>\n<div class=\"hds-credits\"><strong>Figure credit<\/strong>: Thanh Nguyen [Vietnam National University of Engineering and Technology, Vietnam]<\/div>\n<\/figcaption><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Another presenter explained how food production in Southeast Asia contributes about 40% of the region\u2019s total GHG emissions \u2013 with rice and beef production identified as the largest contributors for plant-based and animal-based emissions, respectively. Another presentation focused on a study that examined GHG emissions from agricultural activities, which suggests that animal-based food production \u2013 particularly beef \u2013 generates substantially higher GHG emissions per kg of food produced compared to plant-based foods, such as wheat and rice. Beef has an emission intensity of about 69 kg of CO<sub>2<\/sub> equivalent-per-kg, compared to 2 to 3 kg of CO<sub>2<\/sub> equivalent-per-kg for plant-based foods. The study points to mitigation strategies (e.g., changing dietary patterns, improving agricultural practices) and adopting sustainable land management. Participants agreed that a comprehensive policy framework is needed to address the environmental impacts of food production and reduce GHG emissions in the agricultural sector.<\/p>\n<p>In another presentation, the speaker highlighted the fact that Southeast Asian countries need an advanced monitoring, reporting, and verification system to track GHG emissions \u2013 particularly within high-carbon reservoirs like rice paddies. To achieve this, cutting-edge technologies (e.g., satellite remote sensing, low-cost unmanned aerial vehicles, and Internet of Things devices) can be beneficial in creating sophisticated digital twin technology for sustainable rice production and GHG mitigation.<\/p>\n<p>Another presentation featured a discussion about pollution resulting from forest and peatland fires in Indonesia, which is significantly impacting air quality. Indonesia\u2019s tropical peatlands \u2013 among the world\u2019s largest and most diverse \u2013 face significant threats from frequent fires. Repeated burning has transformed forests into shrubs and secondary vegetation regions, with fires particularly affecting forest edges and contributing to a further retreat of intact forest areas. High-resolution data is essential to map and monitor changes in forest cover, including pollution impacts.<\/p>\n<p>Another speaker described a web-based Geographic Information Systems (GIS) application that has been developed to support carbon offsetting efforts in Laos \u2013 to address significant environmental challenges, e.g., deforestation and climate change. Advanced technologies (e.g., remote sensing, GIS, and Global Navigation Satellite Systems) are used to monitor land-use changes, carbon sequestration, and ecosystem health. By integrating various spatial datasets, the web GIS app enhances data collection precision, streamlines monitoring processes, and provides real-time information to stakeholders for informed decision-making. This initiative fosters collaboration among local communities, government agencies, and international partners, while emphasizing the importance of government support and international partnerships. Ultimately, the web GIS application represents a significant advancement in Laos\u2019s commitment to environmental sustainability, economic growth, and the creation of a greener future.<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Session VII. Discussion Session on Synthesis<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The meeting concluded with a comprehensive discussion on synthesizing themes related to LUCC. The session focused on three themes: LUCC, agriculture, and air pollution. The session focused on trends and projections as well as the resulting impacts in the coming years. It also highlighted research related to these topics to inform more sustainable land use policies. A panel of experts from different Southeast Asian countries addressed these topics. A summary of the key points shared by the panelists for each theme during the discussion is provided below.<\/p>\n<p><em>LUCC Discussions<\/em><\/p>\n<p>This discussion focused on the challenges of balancing economic development with environmental sustainability in Southeast Asian countries, e.g., mining in Myanmar, agriculture in Vietnam, and rising land prices in Thailand. More LUCC research is needed to inform decision-making and improve land-use planning during transitions from agriculture to industrialization while ensuring food security. The panelists also discussed urban sprawl and infrastructure development along main roads in several Southeast Asian countries, highlighting the social and environmental challenges arising from uncoordinated growth. It was noted that urban infrastructure lags behind population increases, resulting in traffic congestion, pollution, and social inequality. Cambodia, for example, has increased foreign investments, which presents similar dilemmas of economic growth accompanied by significant environmental degradation. Indonesia is another example of a Southeast Asian nation facing rapid urbanization and inadequate spatial planning, leading to flooding, groundwater depletion, and pollution. These issues further highlight the need for integrated satellite monitoring to inform land-use policies. Finally, recognizing the importance of public infrastructure in growth management, it was reported that the Thai government is already using technology to manage urban development alongside green spaces.<\/p>\n<p>Panelists agreed that LUCC research is critical for guiding policymakers toward sustainable land-use practices \u2013 emphasizing the necessity for improved communication between researchers and policymakers. While the integration of technologies (e.g., GIS and remote sensing) is beginning to influence policy decisions, room for improvement remains. In summary, the discussions stressed the importance of better planning, technology integration, and policy-informed research to reconcile economic growth with sustainability. Participants also highlighted the need to engage policymakers, non-government organizations, and the private sector in using scientific evidence for sustainable development. Capacity building in Laos, Cambodia, and Myanmar, where GIS and remote sensing technologies are still developing, is crucial. Community involvement is essential for translating research findings into actionable policies to address real-world challenges and social equity.<\/p>\n<p><em>Agriculture Discussions<\/em><\/p>\n<p>These discussions explored the intricate relationships between agricultural practices, economic growth, and environmental sustainability in Southeast Asia. As an example, despite national policies to manage the land transition in Vietnam, rapid conversions from forest to agricultural land and further to residential and industrial continue.\u00a0While it is recognized that strict land management plans may hinder future adaptability, further regulation is needed. These rapid shifts in land use have increased land for economic development \u2013 especially in industrial and residential sectors \u2013 and contribute to environmental degradation, e.g., pollution and soil erosion. In Thailand, land is distributed among agriculture (50%), forest (30%), and urban (20%) areas. Despite a long history of agricultural practices, Vietnam faces new challenges from climate change and extreme weather.<\/p>\n<p>Thailand, meanwhile,\u00a0is exploring carbon credits to incentivize sustainable farming practices \u2013 although this requires significant investment and time. The nation is well-equipped with a robust water supply system, and ongoing efforts to enhance crop yields on Vietnam\u2019s Mekong Delta, salinity levels, and flooding intensity have increased as a result of the rise in incidents of extreme weather, prompting advancements in rice farming mechanization to be implemented that are modeled after practices that have been successfully used in the Philippines.<\/p>\n<p>Despite these advances, issues (e.g., over-application of rice seeds) remain. The dominant land cover type in Malaysia is tropical rainforest, although agriculture \u2013 particularly oil palm plantations \u2013 also plays a significant role in land use. While stable, it shares environmental concerns with Indonesia. The country is integrating solar energy initiatives, placing solar panels on former agricultural lands and recreational areas, which raises coastal environmental concerns. In Taiwan, substantial land use changes have stemmed from solar panel installations to support green energy goals but have led to increased temperatures and altered wind patterns.<\/p>\n<p>All panelists agreed that remote sensing technologies are vital to inform agricultural policy across the region. They emphasized the need to transition from academic research to actionable insights that directly inform policy. Panelists also discussed the challenge of securing funding for actionable research \u2013 underlining the importance of recognizing the transition required for research to inform operational use. Some countries (e.g., Thailand) have established operational crop monitoring systems, while others (e.g., Vietnam) primarily depend on research projects. Despite progress in Malaysia\u2019s monitoring of oil palm plantations, a comprehensive operational monitoring system is still lacking in many areas. The participants concluded that increased efforts are needed to promote the wider adoption of remote sensing technologies for agricultural and environmental monitoring, with emphasis on developing operational systems that can be integrated into policy and decision-making processes.<\/p>\n<p><em>Air Pollution Discussions<\/em><\/p>\n<p>The discussion on air pollution focused on various sources in Southeast Asia, which included both local and transboundary factors. Panelists highlighted that motor vehicles, industrial activities, and power plants are major contributors to pollutants, such as PM<sub>2.5<\/sub>, NO<sub>2<\/sub>, ozone (O<sub>3<\/sub>), and carbon monoxide (CO). Forest fires in Indonesia \u2013 particularly from South Sumatra and Riau provinces \u2013 are significantly impacting neighboring countries, e.g., Malaysia. A study found that most PM<sub>2.5 <\/sub>pollution in Kuala Lumpur originates from Indonesia. During the COVID-19 pandemic, pollution levels dropped sharply due to reduced economic activity; however, data from 2018\u20132023 shows that PM<sub>2.5 <\/sub>levels have returned to pre-pandemic conditions.<\/p>\n<p>The Indonesian government is actively working to reduce deforestation and emissions, aiming for a 29% reduction by 2030. Indonesia is also participating in carbon markets and receiving international payments for emission reductions. Indonesia\u2019s emissions also stem from energy production, industrial activities, and land-use changes, including peat fires. The Indonesian government reports anthropogenic sources \u2013 particularly from the energy sector and industrial activities, forest and peat fires, waste, and agriculture \u2013 continue to escalate. While Indonesia is addressing these issues, growing population and energy demands continue to drive pollution levels higher.<\/p>\n<p>Vietnam and Laos are facing similar challenges related to air pollution \u2013 particularly from agricultural residue burning. Both governments are working on expanding air quality monitoring, regulating waste burning, and developing policies to mitigate pollution. Vietnam has been developing provincial air quality management plans and expanding its monitoring network. Laos has seen increased awareness of pollution, accompanied by government measures aimed at restricting burning and improving waste management practices.<\/p>\n<p>The panelists agreed that collaborative efforts for regional cooperation are essential to address air pollution. This will require collaboration in research and data sharing to inform policy decisions. There is a growing interest in leveraging satellite technology and modeling approaches to enhance air quality forecasting and management. To ensure that research translates into effective policy,\u00a0communication of scientific findings to policymakers is essential \u2013 particularly by clearly communicating complex research concepts in accessible formats. All panelists agreed on the importance of improving governance, transparency, and scientific communication to better translate research into policy actions, highlighting collaborations with international organizations \u2013 including NASA \u2013 to address air quality issues. While significant challenges related to air pollution persist in Southeast Asia, noteworthy efforts are underway to improve awareness, research, and collaborative governance aimed at enhancing air quality and reducing emissions.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Conclusion<\/strong> <\/p>\n<p>The LCLUC\u2013SARI Synthesis meeting fostered collaboration among researchers and provided valuable updates on recent developments in LUCC research, exchange of ideas, integration of new data products, and discussions on emerging science directions. This structured dialogue (particularly the discussions in each session) helped the attendees identify priorities and needs within the LUCC community. All panelists and meeting participants commended the SARI leadership for their proactive role in facilitating collaborations and discussions that promote capacity-building activities across the region. SARI activities have significantly contributed to enhancing the collective ability of countries in South and Southeast Asia to address pressing environmental challenges. The meeting participants emphasized the importance of maintaining and expanding these collaborative efforts, which are crucial for fostering partnerships among governments, research institutions, and local communities. They urged SARI to continue organizing workshops, training sessions, and knowledge-sharing platforms that can equip stakeholders with the necessary skills and resources to tackle environmental issues such as air pollution, deforestation, climate change, and sustainable land management.<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Krishna Vadrevu<\/strong><\/em><br \/><em><strong>NASA\u2019s Marshall Space Flight Center<\/strong><\/em><br \/><em><strong><a href=\"mailto:krishna.p.vadrevu@nasa.gov\">krishna.p.vadrevu@nasa.gov<\/a><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Vu Tuan<\/strong><\/em><br \/><em><strong>Vietnam National Science Center, Vietnam<\/strong><\/em><br \/><em><strong><a href=\"mailto:vatuan@vnsc.org.vn\">vatuan@vnsc.org.vn<\/a><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Than Nguyen<\/strong><\/em><br \/><em><strong>Vietnam National University Engineering and Technology, Vietnam<\/strong><\/em><br \/><em><strong><a href=\"mailto:thanhntn@vnu.edu.vn\">thanhntn@vnu.edu.vn<\/a><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Son Nghiem<\/strong><\/em><br \/><em><strong>Jet Propulsion Laboratory<\/strong><\/em><br \/><strong><em><a href=\"mailto:son.v.nghiem@jpl.nasa.gov\">son.v.nghiem@jpl.nasa.gov<\/a><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Tsuneo<\/em><\/strong> <em><strong>Matsunaga <\/strong><\/em><br \/><em><strong>National Institute of Environmental Studies<\/strong><\/em>, <em><strong>Japan<\/strong><\/em><br \/><a href=\"mailto:matsunag@nies.go.jp\"><strong><em>matsunag@nies.go.jp<\/em><\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Garik Gutman<\/strong><\/em><br \/><em><strong>NASA Headquarters<\/strong><\/em><br \/><em><strong><a href=\"mailto:ggutman@nasa.gov\">ggutman@nasa.gov<\/a><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Christopher Justice<\/strong><\/em><br \/><em><strong>University of Maryland<\/strong><\/em> <em><strong>College Park<\/strong><\/em><br \/><em><strong><a href=\"mailto:cjustice@umd.edu\">cjustice@umd.edu<\/a><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<div class=\"nasa-gb-align-full width-full maxw-full padding-x-3 padding-y-0 nasa_template_article_a hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-credits-and-details\">\n<section class=\"padding-x-0 padding-top-5 padding-bottom-2 desktop:padding-top-7 desktop:padding-bottom-9\">\n<div class=\"grid-row grid-container maxw-widescreen padding-0\">\n<div class=\"grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-2 padding-right-4 margin-bottom-5 desktop:margin-bottom-0\">\n<div class=\"padding-top-3 border-top-1px border-color-carbon-black\">\n<div class=\"margin-bottom-2\">\n<h2 class=\"heading-14\">Share<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"padding-bottom-2\">\n<ul class=\"social-icons social-icons-round\">\n<li class=\"social-icon social-icon-x\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a 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border-color-carbon-black\">\n<div class=\"margin-bottom-2\">\n<h2 class=\"heading-14\">Details<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"grid-row margin-bottom-3\">\n<div class=\"grid-col-4\">\n<div class=\"subheading\">Last Updated<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"grid-col-8\">Feb 20, 2025<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-5 padding-right-4 margin-bottom-5 desktop:margin-bottom-0\">\n<div class=\"padding-top-3 border-top-1px border-color-carbon-black \">\n<div class=\"margin-bottom-2\">\n<h2 class=\"heading-14\">Related Terms<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<ul class=\"article-tags\">\n<li class=\"article-tag\"><a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/earth-science\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Earth Science<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"wpematico_credit\"><small>Powered by <a href=\"http:\/\/www.wpematico.com\" target=\"_blank\">WPeMatico<\/a><\/small><\/p>\n<p><a  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