{"id":12851,"date":"2025-01-08T18:19:57","date_gmt":"2025-01-08T22:19:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zobi.alcowep.com\/bourtagshdrevxnls658739\/415-years-ago-astronomer-galileo-discovers-jupiters-moons\/"},"modified":"2025-01-08T18:19:57","modified_gmt":"2025-01-08T22:19:57","slug":"415-years-ago-astronomer-galileo-discovers-jupiters-moons","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zobi.alcowep.com\/bourtagshdrevxnls658739\/415-years-ago-astronomer-galileo-discovers-jupiters-moons\/","title":{"rendered":"415 Years Ago: Astronomer Galileo Discovers Jupiter\u2019s Moons"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\">415 Years Ago: Astronomer Galileo Discovers Jupiter\u2019s Moons<\/h2>\n<p><!-- no image --><\/p>\n<p>On Jan. 7, 1610, Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei peered through his newly improved 20-power homemade telescope at the planet Jupiter. He noticed three other points of light near the planet, at first believing them to be distant stars. Observing them over several nights, he noted that they appeared to move in the wrong direction with regard to the background stars and they remained in Jupiter\u2019s proximity but changed their positions relative to one another. Four days later, he observed a fourth point of light near the planet with the same unusual behavior. By Jan. 15, Galileo correctly concluded that he had discovered four moons orbiting around Jupiter, providing strong evidence for the Copernican theory that most celestial objects did not revolve around the Earth.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n<div class=\"hds-image-carousel grid-container grid-container-block padding-top-8 padding-bottom-8 hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-image-carousel\">\n<div class=\"hds-carousel-wrapper\">\n<div class=\"image-carousel-slider margin-0\">\n<div class=\"display-block width-full\">\n<figure class=\"margin-0\">\n<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper hds-image-carousel-slide margin-bottom-2\">\n<div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\">\n<figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-cover \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"341\" height=\"523\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/galileo-discovers-jupiter-moons-1-telescopes-dpa-picture-alliance.jpg?w=341\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"Image of two telescopes from the 17th centure\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/galileo-discovers-jupiter-moons-1-telescopes-dpa-picture-alliance.jpg 341w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/galileo-discovers-jupiter-moons-1-telescopes-dpa-picture-alliance.jpg?resize=196,300 196w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/galileo-discovers-jupiter-moons-1-telescopes-dpa-picture-alliance.jpg?resize=261,400 261w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 341px) 100vw, 341px\"><\/figure><figcaption class=\"hds-caption padding-y-2\">\n<div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0\"><em>Two of Galileo\u2019s telescopes.<\/em><\/div>\n<div class=\"hds-credits\"><strong><em>National Geographic.<\/em><\/strong><\/div>\n<\/figcaption><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/figure><\/div>\n<div class=\"display-block width-full\">\n<figure class=\"margin-0\">\n<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper hds-image-carousel-slide margin-bottom-2\">\n<div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\">\n<figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-cover \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"738\" height=\"656\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/galileo-discovers-jupiter-moons-2-bertini-fresco-of-galileo-galilei-and-doge-of-venice-e1446672024312.jpg?w=738\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"Painting from the 17th century of old man looking through a small telescope as others look on\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/galileo-discovers-jupiter-moons-2-bertini-fresco-of-galileo-galilei-and-doge-of-venice-e1446672024312.jpg 738w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/galileo-discovers-jupiter-moons-2-bertini-fresco-of-galileo-galilei-and-doge-of-venice-e1446672024312.jpg?resize=300,267 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/galileo-discovers-jupiter-moons-2-bertini-fresco-of-galileo-galilei-and-doge-of-venice-e1446672024312.jpg?resize=400,356 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/galileo-discovers-jupiter-moons-2-bertini-fresco-of-galileo-galilei-and-doge-of-venice-e1446672024312.jpg?resize=600,533 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 738px) 100vw, 738px\"><\/figure><figcaption class=\"hds-caption padding-y-2\">\n<div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0\">Painting by Giuseppe Bertini (1858) of Galileo demonstrating his telescope to the Doge of Venice.<\/div>\n<div class=\"hds-credits\">gabrielevanin.it<\/div>\n<\/figcaption><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/figure><\/div>\n<div class=\"display-block width-full\">\n<figure class=\"margin-0\">\n<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper hds-image-carousel-slide margin-bottom-2\">\n<div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\">\n<figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-cover \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"533\" height=\"793\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/galileo-discovers-jupiter-moons-3-galileo-manuscript-u-of-mi-special-collections-library.png?w=533\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"A page from Galileo's notebook, with cursive writing that is difficult to read\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/galileo-discovers-jupiter-moons-3-galileo-manuscript-u-of-mi-special-collections-library.png 533w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/galileo-discovers-jupiter-moons-3-galileo-manuscript-u-of-mi-special-collections-library.png?resize=202,300 202w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/galileo-discovers-jupiter-moons-3-galileo-manuscript-u-of-mi-special-collections-library.png?resize=269,400 269w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/galileo-discovers-jupiter-moons-3-galileo-manuscript-u-of-mi-special-collections-library.png?resize=403,600 403w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 533px) 100vw, 533px\"><\/figure><figcaption class=\"hds-caption padding-y-2\">\n<div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0\">Page from Galileo\u2019s notebook about his observations of Jupiter\u2019s satellites.<\/div>\n<div class=\"hds-credits\">University of Michigan Special Collections Library.<\/div>\n<\/figcaption><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/figure><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"hds-carousel-nav display-flex margin-left-auto margin-right-0\">\n\t\t\t\t<button class=\"hds-carousel-nav-arrow hds-carousel-arrow-prev\"><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg version=\"1.1\" x=\"0px\" y=\"0px\" width=\"9px\" height=\"9px\" viewbox=\"0 0 9 9\"><path class=\"st0\" d=\"M3.5,4.5l3.7-3.6L6.3,0L1.8,4.5L6.3,9l0.9-0.9L3.5,4.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/button><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<button class=\"hds-carousel-nav-arrow hds-carousel-arrow-next margin-right-0\"><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg version=\"1.1\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" x=\"0px\" y=\"0px\" width=\"9px\" height=\"9px\" viewbox=\"0 0 9 9\"><path class=\"st0\" d=\"M5.5,4.5L1.8,8.1L2.7,9l4.5-4.5L2.7,0L1.8,0.9L5.5,4.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p>In March 1610, Galileo published his discoveries of Jupiter\u2019s satellites and other celestial observations in a book titled <em>Siderius Nuncius (The Starry Messenger)<\/em>. As their discoverer, Galileo had naming rights to Jupiter\u2019s satellites. He proposed to name them after his patrons the Medicis and astronomers called them the Medicean Stars through much of the seventeenth century, although in his own notes Galileo referred to them by the Roman numerals I, II, III, and IV, in order of their distance from Jupiter. Astronomers still refer to the four moons as the Galilean satellites in honor of their discoverer.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p>In 1614, the German astronomer Johannes Kepler suggested naming the satellites after mythological figures associated with Jupiter, namely Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto, but his idea didn\u2019t catch on for more than 200 years. Scientists didn\u2019t discover any more satellites around Jupiter until 1892 when American astronomer E.E. Barnard found Jupiter\u2019s fifth moon Amalthea, much smaller than the Galilean moons and orbiting closer to the planet than Io. It was the last satellite in the solar system found by visual observation \u2013 all subsequent discoveries occurred via photography or digital imaging. As of today, astronomers have identified <a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/jupiter\/moons\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">95 moons<\/a> orbiting Jupiter.\u00a0<\/p>\n<div class=\"hds-image-carousel grid-container grid-container-block padding-top-8 padding-bottom-8 hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-image-carousel\">\n<div class=\"hds-carousel-wrapper\">\n<div class=\"image-carousel-slider margin-0\">\n<div class=\"display-block width-full\">\n<figure class=\"margin-0\">\n<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper hds-image-carousel-slide margin-bottom-2\">\n<div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\">\n<figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-cover \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"961\" height=\"485\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/galileo-discovers-jupiter-moons-4-jupiter-and-moons-through-amateur-telescope-thomas-bresson.jpg?w=961\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"Image of Jupiter as seen through a small telescope, a white disc with a few atmospheric bands\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/galileo-discovers-jupiter-moons-4-jupiter-and-moons-through-amateur-telescope-thomas-bresson.jpg 961w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/galileo-discovers-jupiter-moons-4-jupiter-and-moons-through-amateur-telescope-thomas-bresson.jpg?resize=300,151 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/galileo-discovers-jupiter-moons-4-jupiter-and-moons-through-amateur-telescope-thomas-bresson.jpg?resize=768,388 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/galileo-discovers-jupiter-moons-4-jupiter-and-moons-through-amateur-telescope-thomas-bresson.jpg?resize=400,202 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/galileo-discovers-jupiter-moons-4-jupiter-and-moons-through-amateur-telescope-thomas-bresson.jpg?resize=600,303 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/galileo-discovers-jupiter-moons-4-jupiter-and-moons-through-amateur-telescope-thomas-bresson.jpg?resize=900,454 900w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 961px) 100vw, 961px\"><\/figure><figcaption class=\"hds-caption padding-y-2\">\n<div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0\"><em>Image of Jupiter and three of its four Galilean satellites through an amateur telescope, similar to what Galileo might have seen.<\/em><\/div>\n<\/figcaption><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/figure><\/div>\n<div class=\"display-block width-full\">\n<figure class=\"margin-0\">\n<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper hds-image-carousel-slide margin-bottom-2\">\n<div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\">\n<figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-cover \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"1000\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/galileo-discovers-jupiter-moons-5-hubble-image-of-triple-transit-europa-callisto-io-jan-24-2015.jpg?w=1000\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"Hubble Space Telescope image of Jupiter, a mostly white globe with alternating browns bands, and the shadows of three of its moons on the planet\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/galileo-discovers-jupiter-moons-5-hubble-image-of-triple-transit-europa-callisto-io-jan-24-2015.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/galileo-discovers-jupiter-moons-5-hubble-image-of-triple-transit-europa-callisto-io-jan-24-2015.jpg?resize=150,150 150w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/galileo-discovers-jupiter-moons-5-hubble-image-of-triple-transit-europa-callisto-io-jan-24-2015.jpg?resize=300,300 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/galileo-discovers-jupiter-moons-5-hubble-image-of-triple-transit-europa-callisto-io-jan-24-2015.jpg?resize=768,768 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/galileo-discovers-jupiter-moons-5-hubble-image-of-triple-transit-europa-callisto-io-jan-24-2015.jpg?resize=50,50 50w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/galileo-discovers-jupiter-moons-5-hubble-image-of-triple-transit-europa-callisto-io-jan-24-2015.jpg?resize=100,100 100w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/galileo-discovers-jupiter-moons-5-hubble-image-of-triple-transit-europa-callisto-io-jan-24-2015.jpg?resize=200,200 200w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/galileo-discovers-jupiter-moons-5-hubble-image-of-triple-transit-europa-callisto-io-jan-24-2015.jpg?resize=400,400 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/galileo-discovers-jupiter-moons-5-hubble-image-of-triple-transit-europa-callisto-io-jan-24-2015.jpg?resize=600,600 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/galileo-discovers-jupiter-moons-5-hubble-image-of-triple-transit-europa-callisto-io-jan-24-2015.jpg?resize=900,900 900w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\"><\/figure><figcaption class=\"hds-caption padding-y-2\">\n<div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0\">Hubble Space Telescope image of Jupiter and three of its four Galilean satellites during a rare triple transit. <\/div>\n<\/figcaption><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/figure><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"hds-carousel-nav display-flex margin-left-auto margin-right-0\">\n\t\t\t\t<button class=\"hds-carousel-nav-arrow hds-carousel-arrow-prev\"><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg version=\"1.1\" x=\"0px\" y=\"0px\" width=\"9px\" height=\"9px\" viewbox=\"0 0 9 9\"><path class=\"st0\" d=\"M3.5,4.5l3.7-3.6L6.3,0L1.8,4.5L6.3,9l0.9-0.9L3.5,4.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/button><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<button class=\"hds-carousel-nav-arrow hds-carousel-arrow-next margin-right-0\"><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg version=\"1.1\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" x=\"0px\" y=\"0px\" width=\"9px\" height=\"9px\" viewbox=\"0 0 9 9\"><path class=\"st0\" d=\"M5.5,4.5L1.8,8.1L2.7,9l4.5-4.5L2.7,0L1.8,0.9L5.5,4.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Although each of the Galilean satellites has unique features, such as the volcanoes of Io, the heavily cratered surface of Callisto, and the magnetic field of Ganymede, scientists have focused more attention on Europa due to the tantalizing possibility that it might be hospitable to life. In the 1970s, NASA\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/feature\/45-years-ago-pioneer-10-first-to-explore-jupiter\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Pioneer 10<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/feature\/45-years-ago-pioneer-11-explores-jupiter\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">11<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/feature\/40-years-ago-voyager-1-explores-jupiter\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Voyager 1<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/feature\/40-years-ago-voyager-2-explores-jupiter\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">2<\/a> spacecraft took ever increasingly detailed images of the large satellites including Europa during their flybys of Jupiter. The photographs revealed Europa to have the smoothest surface of any object in the solar system, indicating a relatively young crust, and also one of the brightest of any satellite indicating a highly reflective surface. These features led scientists to hypothesize that Europa is covered by an icy crust floating on a subsurface salty ocean. They further postulated that tidal heating caused by Jupiter\u2019s gravity reforms the surface ice layer in cycles of melting and freezing.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"hds-image-carousel grid-container grid-container-block padding-top-8 padding-bottom-8 hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-image-carousel\">\n<div class=\"hds-carousel-wrapper\">\n<div class=\"image-carousel-slider margin-0\">\n<div class=\"display-block width-full\">\n<figure class=\"margin-0\">\n<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper hds-image-carousel-slide margin-bottom-2\">\n<div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\">\n<figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-cover \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"206\" height=\"209\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/galileo-discovers-jupiter-moons-6-pioneer-10-europa-photo.jpg?w=206\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"Image of a half lit globe, Jupiter's moon Europa, against a black background.\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/galileo-discovers-jupiter-moons-6-pioneer-10-europa-photo.jpg 206w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/galileo-discovers-jupiter-moons-6-pioneer-10-europa-photo.jpg?resize=50,50 50w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/galileo-discovers-jupiter-moons-6-pioneer-10-europa-photo.jpg?resize=100,100 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 206px) 100vw, 206px\"><\/figure><figcaption class=\"hds-caption padding-y-2\">\n<div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0\">Image of Europa taken by Pioneer 10 during its flyby of Jupiter in 1973. <\/div>\n<\/figcaption><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/figure><\/div>\n<div class=\"display-block width-full\">\n<figure class=\"margin-0\">\n<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper hds-image-carousel-slide margin-bottom-2\">\n<div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\">\n<figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-cover \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"523\" height=\"513\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/galileo-discovers-jupiter-moons-7-europa-from-voyager-1.jpg?w=523\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"Image of an orange globe with darker patches and stripes, against a black backgeound.\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/galileo-discovers-jupiter-moons-7-europa-from-voyager-1.jpg 523w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/galileo-discovers-jupiter-moons-7-europa-from-voyager-1.jpg?resize=300,294 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/galileo-discovers-jupiter-moons-7-europa-from-voyager-1.jpg?resize=50,50 50w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/galileo-discovers-jupiter-moons-7-europa-from-voyager-1.jpg?resize=400,392 400w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 523px) 100vw, 523px\"><\/figure><figcaption class=\"hds-caption padding-y-2\">\n<div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0\">Image of Europa taken by Voyager 1 during its 1979 flyby of Jupiter.<\/div>\n<\/figcaption><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/figure><\/div>\n<div class=\"display-block width-full\">\n<figure class=\"margin-0\">\n<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper hds-image-carousel-slide margin-bottom-2\">\n<div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\">\n<figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-cover \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/galileo-discovers-jupiter-moons-8-voyager-2-europa.jpg?w=1024\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"Image of a crescent shaped white moon with darker markings, against a black background\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/galileo-discovers-jupiter-moons-8-voyager-2-europa.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/galileo-discovers-jupiter-moons-8-voyager-2-europa.jpg?resize=150,150 150w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/galileo-discovers-jupiter-moons-8-voyager-2-europa.jpg?resize=300,300 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/galileo-discovers-jupiter-moons-8-voyager-2-europa.jpg?resize=768,768 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/galileo-discovers-jupiter-moons-8-voyager-2-europa.jpg?resize=50,50 50w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/galileo-discovers-jupiter-moons-8-voyager-2-europa.jpg?resize=100,100 100w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/galileo-discovers-jupiter-moons-8-voyager-2-europa.jpg?resize=200,200 200w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/galileo-discovers-jupiter-moons-8-voyager-2-europa.jpg?resize=400,400 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/galileo-discovers-jupiter-moons-8-voyager-2-europa.jpg?resize=600,600 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/galileo-discovers-jupiter-moons-8-voyager-2-europa.jpg?resize=900,900 900w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"><\/figure><figcaption class=\"hds-caption padding-y-2\">\n<div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0\">Image of Europa taken by Voyager 2 during its 1979 flyby of Jupiter. <\/div>\n<\/figcaption><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/figure><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"hds-carousel-nav display-flex margin-left-auto margin-right-0\">\n\t\t\t\t<button class=\"hds-carousel-nav-arrow hds-carousel-arrow-prev\"><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg version=\"1.1\" x=\"0px\" y=\"0px\" width=\"9px\" height=\"9px\" viewbox=\"0 0 9 9\"><path class=\"st0\" d=\"M3.5,4.5l3.7-3.6L6.3,0L1.8,4.5L6.3,9l0.9-0.9L3.5,4.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/button><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<button class=\"hds-carousel-nav-arrow hds-carousel-arrow-next margin-right-0\"><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg version=\"1.1\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" x=\"0px\" y=\"0px\" width=\"9px\" height=\"9px\" viewbox=\"0 0 9 9\"><path class=\"st0\" d=\"M5.5,4.5L1.8,8.1L2.7,9l4.5-4.5L2.7,0L1.8,0.9L5.5,4.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p>More detailed observations from NASA\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/feature\/30-years-ago-galileo-off-to-orbit-jupiter\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Galileo<\/a> spacecraft that orbited Jupiter between 1995 and 2003 and completed 11 close encounters with Europa revealed that long linear features on its surface may indicate tidal or tectonic activity. Reddish-brown material along the fissures and in splotches elsewhere on the surface may contain salts and sulfur compounds transported from below the crust and modified by radiation. Observations from the Hubble Space Telescope and re-analysis of images from Galileo revealed possible plumes emanating from beneath Europa\u2019s crust, lending credence to that hypothesis. While the exact composition of this material is not known, it likely holds clues to whether Europa may be hospitable to life.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n<div class=\"hds-image-carousel grid-container grid-container-block padding-top-8 padding-bottom-8 hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-image-carousel\">\n<div class=\"hds-carousel-wrapper\">\n<div class=\"image-carousel-slider margin-0\">\n<div class=\"display-block width-full\">\n<figure class=\"margin-0\">\n<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper hds-image-carousel-slide margin-bottom-2\">\n<div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\">\n<figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-cover \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"757\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/galileo-discovers-jupiter-moons-9-galileo-europa.jpg?w=757\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"A white and orange half globe with brown striations, against a black background.\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/galileo-discovers-jupiter-moons-9-galileo-europa.jpg 1699w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/galileo-discovers-jupiter-moons-9-galileo-europa.jpg?resize=222,300 222w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/galileo-discovers-jupiter-moons-9-galileo-europa.jpg?resize=768,1039 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/galileo-discovers-jupiter-moons-9-galileo-europa.jpg?resize=757,1024 757w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/galileo-discovers-jupiter-moons-9-galileo-europa.jpg?resize=1135,1536 1135w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/galileo-discovers-jupiter-moons-9-galileo-europa.jpg?resize=1514,2048 1514w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/galileo-discovers-jupiter-moons-9-galileo-europa.jpg?resize=296,400 296w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/galileo-discovers-jupiter-moons-9-galileo-europa.jpg?resize=443,600 443w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/galileo-discovers-jupiter-moons-9-galileo-europa.jpg?resize=665,900 665w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/galileo-discovers-jupiter-moons-9-galileo-europa.jpg?resize=887,1200 887w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/galileo-discovers-jupiter-moons-9-galileo-europa.jpg?resize=1478,2000 1478w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 757px) 100vw, 757px\"><\/figure><figcaption class=\"hds-caption padding-y-2\">\n<div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0\">Global view of Europa from the Galileo spacecraft. <\/div>\n<\/figcaption><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/figure><\/div>\n<div class=\"display-block width-full\">\n<figure class=\"margin-0\">\n<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper hds-image-carousel-slide margin-bottom-2\">\n<div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\">\n<figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-cover \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"701\" height=\"439\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/galileo-discovers-jupiter-moons-10-europa-features-from-galileo.png?w=701\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"Montage of black and white images of the surface of Europa, showing canyons and other cracks in the surface.\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/galileo-discovers-jupiter-moons-10-europa-features-from-galileo.png 701w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/galileo-discovers-jupiter-moons-10-europa-features-from-galileo.png?resize=300,188 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/galileo-discovers-jupiter-moons-10-europa-features-from-galileo.png?resize=400,250 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/galileo-discovers-jupiter-moons-10-europa-features-from-galileo.png?resize=600,376 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 701px) 100vw, 701px\"><\/figure><figcaption class=\"hds-caption padding-y-2\">\n<div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0\">More detailed views of varied terrain on Europa from Galileo. <\/div>\n<\/figcaption><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/figure><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"hds-carousel-nav display-flex margin-left-auto margin-right-0\">\n\t\t\t\t<button class=\"hds-carousel-nav-arrow hds-carousel-arrow-prev\"><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg version=\"1.1\" x=\"0px\" y=\"0px\" width=\"9px\" height=\"9px\" viewbox=\"0 0 9 9\"><path class=\"st0\" d=\"M3.5,4.5l3.7-3.6L6.3,0L1.8,4.5L6.3,9l0.9-0.9L3.5,4.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/button><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<button class=\"hds-carousel-nav-arrow hds-carousel-arrow-next margin-right-0\"><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg version=\"1.1\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" x=\"0px\" y=\"0px\" width=\"9px\" height=\"9px\" viewbox=\"0 0 9 9\"><path class=\"st0\" d=\"M5.5,4.5L1.8,8.1L2.7,9l4.5-4.5L2.7,0L1.8,0.9L5.5,4.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"hds-image-carousel grid-container grid-container-block padding-top-8 padding-bottom-8 hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-image-carousel\">\n<div class=\"hds-carousel-wrapper\">\n<div class=\"image-carousel-slider margin-0\">\n<div class=\"display-block width-full\">\n<figure class=\"margin-0\">\n<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper hds-image-carousel-slide margin-bottom-2\">\n<div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\">\n<figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-cover \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"512\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/galileo-discovers-jupiter-moons-11-europa-cutaway-from-hubble-and-galileo-data.jpg?w=1024\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"Image showing a cutaway slice of Europa's surface, with an icy crust overlaying an ocean\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/galileo-discovers-jupiter-moons-11-europa-cutaway-from-hubble-and-galileo-data.jpg 1600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/galileo-discovers-jupiter-moons-11-europa-cutaway-from-hubble-and-galileo-data.jpg?resize=300,150 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/galileo-discovers-jupiter-moons-11-europa-cutaway-from-hubble-and-galileo-data.jpg?resize=768,384 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/galileo-discovers-jupiter-moons-11-europa-cutaway-from-hubble-and-galileo-data.jpg?resize=1024,512 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/galileo-discovers-jupiter-moons-11-europa-cutaway-from-hubble-and-galileo-data.jpg?resize=1536,768 1536w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/galileo-discovers-jupiter-moons-11-europa-cutaway-from-hubble-and-galileo-data.jpg?resize=400,200 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/galileo-discovers-jupiter-moons-11-europa-cutaway-from-hubble-and-galileo-data.jpg?resize=600,300 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/galileo-discovers-jupiter-moons-11-europa-cutaway-from-hubble-and-galileo-data.jpg?resize=900,450 900w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/galileo-discovers-jupiter-moons-11-europa-cutaway-from-hubble-and-galileo-data.jpg?resize=1200,600 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"><\/figure><figcaption class=\"hds-caption padding-y-2\">\n<div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0\">Cutaway illustration of Europa\u2019s icy crust, subsurface ocean and possible vents that transport material to the surface. <\/div>\n<\/figcaption><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/figure><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"hds-carousel-nav display-flex margin-left-auto margin-right-0\">\n\t\t\t\t<button class=\"hds-carousel-nav-arrow hds-carousel-arrow-prev\"><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg version=\"1.1\" x=\"0px\" y=\"0px\" width=\"9px\" height=\"9px\" viewbox=\"0 0 9 9\"><path class=\"st0\" d=\"M3.5,4.5l3.7-3.6L6.3,0L1.8,4.5L6.3,9l0.9-0.9L3.5,4.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/button><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<button class=\"hds-carousel-nav-arrow hds-carousel-arrow-next margin-right-0\"><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg version=\"1.1\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" x=\"0px\" y=\"0px\" width=\"9px\" height=\"9px\" viewbox=\"0 0 9 9\"><path class=\"st0\" d=\"M5.5,4.5L1.8,8.1L2.7,9l4.5-4.5L2.7,0L1.8,0.9L5.5,4.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Future robotic explorers of Europa may answer some of the outstanding questions about this unique satellite of Jupiter. NASA\u2019s Europa Clipper set off in October 2024 on a 5.5-year journey to Jupiter. After its arrival in 2030, the spacecraft will enter orbit around the giant planet and conduct 49 flybys of Europa during its four-year mission. Managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, and the Applied Physics Laboratory at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland, Europa Clipper will carry nine instruments including imaging systems and a radar to better understand the structure of the icy crust. Data from Europa Clipper will complement information returned by the European Space Agency\u2019s JUICE (Jupiter Icy Moon Explorer) spacecraft. Launched in April 2023, JUICE will first enter orbit around Jupiter in 2031 and then enter orbit around Ganymede in 2034. The spacecraft also plans to conduct studies of Europa complementary with Europa Clipper\u2019s. The two spacecraft should greatly increase our understanding of Europa and perhaps uncover new mysteries.\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"hds-image-carousel grid-container grid-container-block padding-top-8 padding-bottom-8 hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-image-carousel\">\n<div class=\"hds-carousel-wrapper\">\n<div class=\"image-carousel-slider margin-0\">\n<div class=\"display-block width-full\">\n<figure class=\"margin-0\">\n<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper hds-image-carousel-slide margin-bottom-2\">\n<div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\">\n<figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-cover \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"220\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/galileo-discovers-jupiter-moons-12-europa-clipper-illustration.jpg?w=250\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"A spacecraft with two large solar panels passes over a white globe with brown striations.\" block_context=\"nasa-block\"><\/figure><figcaption class=\"hds-caption padding-y-2\">\n<div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0\">Illustration of the Europa Clipper spacecraft investigating Europa.<\/div>\n<\/figcaption><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/figure><\/div>\n<div class=\"display-block width-full\">\n<figure class=\"margin-0\">\n<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper hds-image-carousel-slide margin-bottom-2\">\n<div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\">\n<figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-cover \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"700\" height=\"554\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/galileo-discovers-jupiter-moons-13-juice-exploring-europa-illustration-esa.jpg?w=700\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"A spacecraft with 2 large solar panels passes over a white globe with brown striations, emanating two purple beams to simulate how it studies the moon.\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/galileo-discovers-jupiter-moons-13-juice-exploring-europa-illustration-esa.jpg 700w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/galileo-discovers-jupiter-moons-13-juice-exploring-europa-illustration-esa.jpg?resize=300,237 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/galileo-discovers-jupiter-moons-13-juice-exploring-europa-illustration-esa.jpg?resize=400,317 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/galileo-discovers-jupiter-moons-13-juice-exploring-europa-illustration-esa.jpg?resize=600,475 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\"><\/figure><figcaption class=\"hds-caption padding-y-2\">\n<div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0\">Illustration of the JUICE spacecraft exploring Europa.<\/div>\n<div class=\"hds-credits\">European Space Agency.<\/div>\n<\/figcaption><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/figure><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"hds-carousel-nav display-flex margin-left-auto margin-right-0\">\n\t\t\t\t<button class=\"hds-carousel-nav-arrow hds-carousel-arrow-prev\"><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg version=\"1.1\" x=\"0px\" y=\"0px\" width=\"9px\" height=\"9px\" viewbox=\"0 0 9 9\"><path class=\"st0\" d=\"M3.5,4.5l3.7-3.6L6.3,0L1.8,4.5L6.3,9l0.9-0.9L3.5,4.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/button><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<button class=\"hds-carousel-nav-arrow hds-carousel-arrow-next margin-right-0\"><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg version=\"1.1\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" x=\"0px\" y=\"0px\" width=\"9px\" height=\"9px\" viewbox=\"0 0 9 9\"><path class=\"st0\" d=\"M5.5,4.5L1.8,8.1L2.7,9l4.5-4.5L2.7,0L1.8,0.9L5.5,4.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p class=\"wpematico_credit\"><small>Powered by <a href=\"http:\/\/www.wpematico.com\" target=\"_blank\">WPeMatico<\/a><\/small><\/p>\n<p><a  href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/general\/415-years-ago-astronomer-galileo-discovers-jupiters-moons\/\"  target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Get The Details&#8230;<\/a><br \/>\nJohn J. Uri  <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>On Jan. 7, 1610, Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei peered through his newly improved 20-power homemade telescope at the planet Jupiter. He noticed three other points of light near the planet, at first believing them to be distant stars. Observing them over several nights, he noted that they appeared to move in the wrong direction with [\u2026] <a class=\"continue-reading-link\" href=\"https:\/\/zobi.alcowep.com\/bourtagshdrevxnls658739\/415-years-ago-astronomer-galileo-discovers-jupiters-moons\/\"> Continue reading <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr; <\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<div class='heateorSssClear'><\/div><div  class='heateor_sss_sharing_container heateor_sss_horizontal_sharing' data-heateor-sss-href='https:\/\/zobi.alcowep.com\/bourtagshdrevxnls658739\/415-years-ago-astronomer-galileo-discovers-jupiters-moons\/'><div class='heateor_sss_sharing_title' style=\"font-weight:bold\" >Spread the love<\/div><div class=\"heateor_sss_sharing_ul\"><a aria-label=\"Facebook\" class=\"heateor_sss_facebook\" href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sharer\/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fzobi.alcowep.com%2Fbourtagshdrevxnls658739%2F415-years-ago-astronomer-galileo-discovers-jupiters-moons%2F\" title=\"Facebook\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" 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