{"id":12492,"date":"2024-11-15T18:03:14","date_gmt":"2024-11-15T22:03:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zobi.alcowep.com\/bourtagshdrevxnls658739\/six-ways-supercomputing-advances-our-understanding-of-the-universe\/"},"modified":"2024-11-15T18:03:14","modified_gmt":"2024-11-15T22:03:14","slug":"six-ways-supercomputing-advances-our-understanding-of-the-universe","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zobi.alcowep.com\/bourtagshdrevxnls658739\/six-ways-supercomputing-advances-our-understanding-of-the-universe\/","title":{"rendered":"Six Ways Supercomputing Advances Our Understanding of the Universe"},"content":{"rendered":"

Six Ways Supercomputing Advances Our Understanding of the Universe<\/h2>\n

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At NASA, high-end computing is essential for many agency missions. This technology helps us advance our understanding of the universe \u2013 from our planet to the farthest reaches of the cosmos. Supercomputers enable projects across diverse research, such as making discoveries about the Sun\u2019s activity that affects technologies in space and life on Earth, building artificial intelligence-based models for innovative weather and climate science, and helping redesign the launch pad that will send astronauts to space with\u00a0Artemis II<\/a>.\u00a0<\/p>\n

These projects are just a sample of the many on display in NASA\u2019s exhibit during the International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis, or SC24.\u00a0NASA\u2019s Dr. Nicola \u201cNicky\u201d Fox, associate administrator for the agency\u2019s Science Mission Directorate, will deliver the keynote address, \u201cNASA\u2019s Vision for High Impact Science and Exploration,\u201d on Tuesday, Nov. 19, where she\u2019ll share more about the ways NASA uses supercomputing to\u00a0explore the universe for the benefit of all. Here\u2019s a little more about the work NASA will share at the conference:\u00a0<\/p>\n

1. Simulations Help in Redesign of the Artemis Launch Environment<\/strong><\/h2>\n
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This simulation of the Artemis I launch shows how the Space Launch System rocket’s exhaust plumes interact with the air, water, and the launchpad. Colors on surfaces indicate pressure levels\u2014red for high pressure and blue for low pressure. The teal contours illustrate where water is present. <\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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NASA\/Chris DeGrendele, Timothy Sandstrom<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Researchers at NASA Ames are helping ensure astronauts launch safely on the Artemis II test flight, the first crewed mission of the Space Launch System (SLS) rocket and Orion spacecraft, scheduled for 2025. Using the Launch Ascent and Vehicle Aerodynamics software, they simulated the complex interactions between the rocket plume and the water-based sound suppression system used during the Artemis I launch, which resulted in damage to the\u00a0mobile launcher<\/a>\u00a0platform that supported the rocket before liftoff.<\/p>\n

Comparing simulations with and without the water systems activated revealed that the sound suppression system effectively reduces pressure waves, but exhaust gases can redirect water and cause significant pressure increases.\u00a0<\/p>\n

The simulations, run on the Aitken supercomputer at the NASA Advanced Supercomputing facility at Ames, generated about 400 terabytes of data. This data was provided to aerospace engineers at NASA\u2019s Kennedy Space Center in Florida, who are redesigning the\u00a0flame deflector<\/a>\u00a0and mobile launcher for the\u00a0Artemis II<\/a>\u00a0launch.<\/p>\n

2. Airplane Design Optimization for Fuel Efficiency<\/strong><\/h2>\n
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In this comparison of aircraft designs, the left wing models the aircraft\u2019s initial geometry, while the right wing models an optimized shape. The surface is colored by the air pressure on the aircraft, with orange surfaces representing shock waves in the airflow. The optimized design modeled on the right wing reduces drag by 4% compared to the original, leading to improved fuel efficiency. <\/div>\n
NASA\/Brandon Lowe<\/div>\n<\/figcaption><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

To help make commercial flight more efficient and sustainable, researchers and engineers at NASA\u2019s Ames Research Center in California\u2019s Silicon Valley are working to refine aircraft designs to reduce air resistance, or drag, by fine-tuning the shape of wings, fuselages, and other aircraft structural components. These changes would lower the energy required for flight and reduce the amount of fuel needed, produce fewer emissions, enhance overall performance of aircraft, and could help reduce noise levels around airports.\u00a0<\/p>\n

Using NASA\u2019s Launch, Ascent, and Vehicle Aerodynamics computational modeling software, developed at Ames, researchers are leveraging the power of agency supercomputers to run hundreds of simulations to explore a variety of design possibilities \u2013 on existing aircraft and future vehicle concepts. Their work has shown the potential to reduce drag on an existing commercial aircraft design by 4%, translating to significant fuel savings in real-world applications.<\/p>\n

3. Applying AI to Weather and Climate<\/strong><\/h2>\n
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This visualization compares the track of the Category 4 hurricane, Ida, from MERRA-2 reanalysis data (left) with a prediction made without specific training, from NASA and IBM\u2019s Prithvi WxC foundation model (right). Both models were initialized at 00 UTC on 2021-08-27.<\/div>\n
The University of Alabama in Huntsville\/Ankur Kumar; NASA\/Sujit Roy<\/div>\n<\/figcaption><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Traditional weather and climate models produce global and regional results by solving mathematical equations for millions of small areas (grid boxes) across Earth\u2019s atmosphere and oceans. NASA and partners are now exploring newer approaches using artificial intelligence (AI) techniques to train a foundation model.\u00a0<\/p>\n

Foundation models are developed using large, unlabeled datasets so researchers can fine-tune results for different applications, such as creating forecasts or predicting weather patterns or climate changes, independently with minimal additional training.\u00a0<\/p>\n

NASA developed the open source,\u00a0publicly available<\/a>\u00a0Prithvi Weather-Climate foundation model<\/a>\u00a0(Prithvi WxC), in collaboration with IBM Research. Prithvi WxC was pretrained using 160 variables from\u00a0\u00a0NASA\u2019s Modern-era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA-2) dataset on the newest NVIDIA A100 GPUs at the NASA Advanced Supercomputing facility.\u00a0<\/p>\n

Armed with 2.3 billion parameters, Prithvi WxC can model a variety of weather and climate phenomena \u2013 such as hurricane tracks \u2013 at fine resolutions. Applications include\u00a0targeted weather prediction and climate projection, as well as representing physical processes like gravity waves.\u00a0<\/p>\n

4. Simulations and AI Reveal the Fascinating World of Neutron Stars<\/strong><\/h2>\n
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3D simulation of pulsar magnetospheres, run on NASA\u2019s Aitken supercomputer using data from the agency\u2018s Fermi space telescope. The red arrow shows the direction of the star\u2019s magnetic field. Blue lines trace high-energy particles, producing gamma rays, in yellow. Green lines represent light particles hitting the observer\u2019s plane, illustrating how Fermi detects pulsar gamma rays. <\/div>\n
NASA\/Constantinos Kalapotharakos<\/div>\n<\/figcaption><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

To explore the extreme conditions inside neutron stars, researchers at NASA\u2019s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, are using a blend of simulation, observation, and AI to unravel the mysteries of these extraordinary cosmic objects.\u00a0Neutron stars are the dead cores of stars that have exploded and represent some of the densest objects in the universe.<\/p>\n

Cutting-edge simulations, run on supercomputers at the NASA Advanced Supercomputing facility, help explain phenomena observed by NASA\u2019s\u00a0Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Neutron star Interior Composition Explorer<\/a>\u00a0(NICER) observatory.\u00a0These phenomena include the rapidly spinning, highly magnetized neutron stars known as pulsars, whose detailed physical mechanisms have remained mysterious since their discovery. By applying AI tools such as deep neural networks, the scientists can infer the stars\u2019 mass, radius, magnetic field structure, and other properties from data obtained by the NICER and Fermi observatories.\u00a0<\/p>\n

The simulations\u2019 unprecedented results will guide similar studies of black holes and other space environments, as well as play a pivotal role in shaping future scientific space missions and mission concepts.<\/p>\n

5. Modeling the Sun in Action \u2013 From Tiny to Large Scales\u00a0<\/strong><\/h2>\n
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Image from a 3D simulation showing the evolution of flows in the upper layers of the Sun, with the most vigorous motions shown in red. These turbulent flows can generate magnetic fields and excite sound waves, shock waves, and eruptions. <\/div>\n
NASA\/Irina Kitiashvili and Timothy A. Sandstrom<\/div>\n<\/figcaption><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

The Sun\u2019s activity,\u00a0producing events such as solar flares and coronal mass ejections, influences the space environment and cause space weather disturbances that can interfere with satellite electronics, radio communications, GPS signals, and power grids on Earth. Scientists at NASA Ames produced highly realistic 3D models that \u2013 for the first time \u2013 allow them to examine the physics of solar plasma in action, from very small to very large scales. These models help interpret observations from NASA spacecraft like the\u00a0Solar Dynamics Observatory<\/a>\u00a0(SDO).\u00a0<\/p>\n

Using NASA\u2019s StellarBox code on supercomputers at NASA\u2019s Advanced Supercomputing facility, the scientists improved our understanding of the origins of solar jets and tornadoes \u2013 bursts of extremely hot, charged plasma in the solar atmosphere. These models allow the science community to address long-standing questions of solar magnetic activity and how it affects space weather.<\/p>\n

6. Scientific Visualization Makes NASA Data Understandable<\/strong><\/h2>\n
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This global map is a frame from an animation showing how wind patterns and atmospheric circulation moved carbon dioxide through Earth\u2019s atmosphere from January to March 2020. The DYAMOND model\u2019s high resolution shows unique sources of carbon dioxide emissions and how they spread across continents and oceans.<\/div>\n
NASA\/Scientific Visualization Studio<\/div>\n<\/figcaption><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

NASA simulations and observations can yield petabytes of data that are difficult to comprehend in their original form. The Scientific Visualization Studio (SVS), based at NASA Goddard, turns data into insight by collaborating closely with scientists to create cinematic, high-fidelity visualizations.<\/p>\n

Key infrastructure for these SVS creations includes the NASA Center for Climate Simulation\u2019s Discover supercomputer at Goddard, which hosts a variety of simulations and provides data analysis and image-rendering capabilities. Recent data-driven visualizations show a coronal mass ejection from the Sun hitting Earth\u2019s magnetosphere using the Multiscale Atmosphere-Geospace Environment (MAGE) model; global carbon dioxide emissions circling the planet in the DYnamics of the Atmospheric general circulation Modeled On Non-hydrostatic Domains\u00a0(DYAMOND) model; and representations of La Ni\u00f1a and El Ni\u00f1o weather patterns using the El Ni\u00f1o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) model.\u00a0<\/p>\n

<\/div>\n

For more information about NASA\u2019s virtual exhibit at the International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis,\u00a0being held in Atlanta, Nov. 17-22, 2024,\u00a0visit:\u00a0<\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.nas.nasa.gov\/SC24<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

For more information about supercomputers run by NASA High-End Computing, visit:\u00a0<\/p>\n

https:\/\/hec.nasa.gov<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

For news media:<\/strong><\/p>\n

Members of the news media interested in covering this topic should reach out to the\u00a0NASA Ames newsroom<\/a>.<\/p>\n

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Authors: Jill Dunbar, Michelle Moyer, and Katie Pitta, NASA\u2019s Ames Research Center; and Jarrett Cohen, NASA\u2019s Goddard Space Flight Center<\/em><\/p>\n

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\nAbby Tabor <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

At NASA, high-end computing is essential for many agency missions. This technology helps us advance our understanding of the universe \u2013 from our planet to the farthest reaches of the cosmos. Supercomputers enable projects across diverse research, such as making discoveries about the Sun\u2019s activity that affects technologies in space and life on Earth, building [\u2026] Continue reading → <\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

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