3 min read<\/p>\n
Preparations for Next Moonwalk Simulations Underway (and Underwater)<\/h1>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n![\"Celebrating](\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/american-flag-on-station.jpg?w=1600\")
<\/a><\/figure>\nThe American flag inside the cupola of the International Space Station (Credits: NASA).<\/div>\nCredit: NASA<\/div>\n<\/figcaption><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\nNASA astronauts aboard the International Space Station have the opportunity to vote in general elections through absentee ballots or early voting in coordination with the county clerk\u2019s office where they live.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
So, how is voting from space possible? Through NASA\u2019s Space Communication and Navigation (SCaN) Program<\/a>.\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/p>\nSimilar to most data transmitted between the space station and the Mission Control Center at NASA\u2019s Johnson Space Center in Houston, votes cast in space travel through the agency\u2019s Near Space Network, managed by NASA\u2019s Goddard Space Flight Center<\/a> in Greenbelt, Maryland. The network connects missions within 1.2 million miles of Earth with communications and navigation services \u2013 including the space station.\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n![\"Expedition](\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/jasmin-and-loral-voting.jpg?w=2048\")
<\/a><\/figure>\nNASA astronauts Loral O\u2019Hara and Jasmin Moghbeli (from left) give a thumbs up after voting as Texas residents from the International Space Station. The duo filled out electronic absentee ballots in March 2024 and downlinked them to Mission Control at NASA\u2019s Johnson Space Center in Houston, which relayed the votes to the county clerk\u2019s office.<\/div>\nCredit: NASA <\/div>\n<\/figcaption><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\nJust like any other American away from home, astronauts may fill out a Federal Post Card Application to request an absentee ballot. After an astronaut fills out an electronic ballot aboard the orbiting laboratory, the document flows through NASA\u2019s Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System<\/a> to a ground antenna at the agency\u2019s White Sands Test Facility<\/a> in Las Cruces, New Mexico.<\/p>\n<\/p>\nFrom New Mexico, NASA transfers the ballot to the Mission Control Center at NASA Johnson and then on to the county clerk responsible for casting the ballot. To preserve the vote\u2019s integrity, the ballot is encrypted and accessible only by the astronaut and the clerk.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\n\n\n![\"NASA\u2019s](\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/voting-infographic-nasa-meatball-1.png?w=2048\")
<\/a><\/figure>\nNASA\u2019s Near Space Network enables astronauts on the International Space Station to communicate with Earth and electronically deliver ballots from space. <\/div>\nCredit: NASA<\/div>\n<\/figcaption><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\nAstronauts have voted in U.S. elections since 1997 when the Texas Legislature passed a bill that allowed NASA astronauts to cast ballots from orbit. That year, NASA astronaut David Wolf became the first American to vote from space while aboard the Mir Space Station. NASA astronaut Kate Rubins became the latest astronaut to vote in a presidential election, as she voted aboard the International Space Station in November 2020.\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
Astronauts forego many of the comforts afforded to those back on Earth as they embark on their journeys to space for the benefit of humanity. Though they are far from home, NASA\u2019s networks connect them with their friends and family and give them the opportunity to participate in democracy and society while in orbit. While astronauts come from all over the United States, they make their homes in Texas so they can be near NASA Johnson\u2019s training and mission support facilities.\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
For more than two decades, astronauts have continuously lived and worked aboard the space station, testing technologies, performing science, and developing skills needed to explore farther from Earth. Astronauts aboard the orbiting laboratory stay connected with Earth and their civilian lives back home by communicating with mission control through the Near Space Network<\/a>. This development in communication ultimately can benefit humanity and lay the groundwork for other agency missions, like NASA\u2019s Artemis campaign, and future human exploration of Mars.\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/p>\nLearn more about the International Space Station online:\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
![\"Celebrating](\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/american-flag-on-station.jpg\")
<\/a><\/figure>NASA astronauts aboard the International Space Station have the opportunity to vote in general elections through absentee ballots or early voting in coordination with the county clerk\u2019s office where they live.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
So, how is voting from space possible? Through NASA\u2019s Space Communication and Navigation (SCaN) Program<\/a>.\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/p>\n Similar to most data transmitted between the space station and the Mission Control Center at NASA\u2019s Johnson Space Center in Houston, votes cast in space travel through the agency\u2019s Near Space Network, managed by NASA\u2019s Goddard Space Flight Center<\/a> in Greenbelt, Maryland. The network connects missions within 1.2 million miles of Earth with communications and navigation services \u2013 including the space station.\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/p>\n Just like any other American away from home, astronauts may fill out a Federal Post Card Application to request an absentee ballot. After an astronaut fills out an electronic ballot aboard the orbiting laboratory, the document flows through NASA\u2019s Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System<\/a> to a ground antenna at the agency\u2019s White Sands Test Facility<\/a> in Las Cruces, New Mexico.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n From New Mexico, NASA transfers the ballot to the Mission Control Center at NASA Johnson and then on to the county clerk responsible for casting the ballot. To preserve the vote\u2019s integrity, the ballot is encrypted and accessible only by the astronaut and the clerk.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n Astronauts have voted in U.S. elections since 1997 when the Texas Legislature passed a bill that allowed NASA astronauts to cast ballots from orbit. That year, NASA astronaut David Wolf became the first American to vote from space while aboard the Mir Space Station. NASA astronaut Kate Rubins became the latest astronaut to vote in a presidential election, as she voted aboard the International Space Station in November 2020.\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/p>\n Astronauts forego many of the comforts afforded to those back on Earth as they embark on their journeys to space for the benefit of humanity. Though they are far from home, NASA\u2019s networks connect them with their friends and family and give them the opportunity to participate in democracy and society while in orbit. While astronauts come from all over the United States, they make their homes in Texas so they can be near NASA Johnson\u2019s training and mission support facilities.\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/p>\n For more than two decades, astronauts have continuously lived and worked aboard the space station, testing technologies, performing science, and developing skills needed to explore farther from Earth. Astronauts aboard the orbiting laboratory stay connected with Earth and their civilian lives back home by communicating with mission control through the Near Space Network<\/a>. This development in communication ultimately can benefit humanity and lay the groundwork for other agency missions, like NASA\u2019s Artemis campaign, and future human exploration of Mars.\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/p>\n Learn more about the International Space Station online:\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<\/a><\/figure><\/a><\/figure>