{"id":11871,"date":"2024-09-05T12:21:55","date_gmt":"2024-09-05T16:21:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zobi.alcowep.com\/bourtagshdrevxnls658739\/nasas-hubble-maven-help-solve-the-mystery-of-mars-escaping-water\/"},"modified":"2024-09-05T12:21:55","modified_gmt":"2024-09-05T16:21:55","slug":"nasas-hubble-maven-help-solve-the-mystery-of-mars-escaping-water","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zobi.alcowep.com\/bourtagshdrevxnls658739\/nasas-hubble-maven-help-solve-the-mystery-of-mars-escaping-water\/","title":{"rendered":"NASA\u2019s Hubble, MAVEN Help Solve the Mystery of Mars\u2019 Escaping Water"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\">NASA\u2019s Hubble, MAVEN Help Solve the Mystery of Mars\u2019 Escaping Water<\/h2>\n<p><!-- no image --><\/p>\n<div class=\" hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-secondary-navigation\">\n<div class=\"hds-secondary-navigation-wrapper z-top width-100 padding-0\">\n<div class=\"hds-secondary-navigation 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margin-0 margin-bottom-3 padding-0\">6 min read<\/p>\n<h1 class=\"display-48 margin-bottom-2\">NASA\u2019s Hubble, MAVEN Help Solve the Mystery of Mars\u2019 Escaping Water<\/h1>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"hds-media hds-module wp-block-image\">\n<div class=\"margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-inline\">\n<div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\">\n<figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-fit \"><a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/hubble-maven-mars-crop-stsci-01j5p5p9fmc1egzyc52pahz225.jpg\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1340\" height=\"520\" src=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/hubble-maven-mars-crop-stsci-01j5p5p9fmc1egzyc52pahz225.jpg?w=1340\" class=\"attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048\" alt=\"On a black background, a large orange and white orb is surrounded by a diffuse, grainy, orange halo. The halo appears to have more material on its right side than its left.\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/hubble-maven-mars-crop-stsci-01j5p5p9fmc1egzyc52pahz225.jpg 1340w, https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/hubble-maven-mars-crop-stsci-01j5p5p9fmc1egzyc52pahz225.jpg?resize=300,116 300w, https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/hubble-maven-mars-crop-stsci-01j5p5p9fmc1egzyc52pahz225.jpg?resize=768,298 768w, https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/hubble-maven-mars-crop-stsci-01j5p5p9fmc1egzyc52pahz225.jpg?resize=1024,397 1024w, https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/hubble-maven-mars-crop-stsci-01j5p5p9fmc1egzyc52pahz225.jpg?resize=400,155 400w, https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/hubble-maven-mars-crop-stsci-01j5p5p9fmc1egzyc52pahz225.jpg?resize=600,233 600w, https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/hubble-maven-mars-crop-stsci-01j5p5p9fmc1egzyc52pahz225.jpg?resize=900,349 900w, https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/hubble-maven-mars-crop-stsci-01j5p5p9fmc1egzyc52pahz225.jpg?resize=1200,466 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1340px) 100vw, 1340px\"><\/a><\/figure><figcaption class=\"hds-caption padding-y-2\">\n<div class=\"hds-credits\">NASA, ESA, STScI, John T. Clarke (Boston University); Processing: Joseph DePasquale (STScI)<\/div>\n<\/figcaption><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Mars was once a very wet planet as is evident in its surface geological features. Scientists know that over the last 3 billion years, at least some water went deep underground, but what happened to the rest? Now, NASA\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/mission\/hubble\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Hubble Space Telescope<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/mission\/maven\/\" rel=\"noopener\">MAVEN<\/a> (Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution) missions are helping unlock that mystery.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThere are only two places water can go. It can freeze into the ground, or the water molecule can break into atoms, and the atoms can escape from the top of the atmosphere into space,\u201d explained study leader John Clarke of the Center for Space Physics at Boston University in Massachusetts. \u201cTo understand how much water there was and what happened to it, we need to understand how the atoms escape into space.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Clarke and his team combined data from Hubble and MAVEN to measure the number and current escape rate of the hydrogen atoms escaping into space. This information allowed them to extrapolate the escape rate backwards through time to understand the history of water on the Red Planet.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Escaping Hydrogen and \u201cHeavy Hydrogen\u201d<\/h3>\n<p>Water molecules in the Martian atmosphere are broken apart by sunlight into hydrogen and oxygen atoms. Specifically, the team measured hydrogen and deuterium, which is a hydrogen atom with a neutron in its nucleus. This neutron gives deuterium twice the mass of hydrogen. Because its mass is higher, deuterium escapes into space much more slowly than regular hydrogen.<\/p>\n<p>Over time, as more hydrogen was lost than deuterium, the ratio of deuterium to hydrogen built up in the atmosphere. Measuring the ratio today gives scientists a clue to how much water was present during the warm, wet period on Mars. By studying how these atoms currently escape, they can understand the processes that determined the escape rates over the last four billion years and thereby extrapolate back in time.<\/p>\n<p>Although most of the study\u2019s data comes from the MAVEN spacecraft, MAVEN is not sensitive enough to see the deuterium emission at all times of the Martian year. Unlike the Earth, Mars swings far from the Sun in its elliptical orbit during the long Martian winter, and the deuterium emissions become faint. Clarke and his team needed the Hubble data to \u201cfill in the blanks\u201d and complete an annual cycle for three Martian years (each of which is 687 Earth days). Hubble also provided additional data going back to 1991 \u2013 prior to MAVEN\u2019s arrival at Mars in 2014.<\/p>\n<p>The combination of data between these missions provided the first holistic view of hydrogen atoms escaping Mars into space.<\/p>\n<div class=\"hds-media hds-module wp-block-image\">\n<div class=\"margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-inline\">\n<div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\">\n<figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-fit \"><a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/hubble-maven-mars-annotated-stsci-01j6a1t00q0jdpwn14jyqxyr95.jpg\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1579\" height=\"2000\" src=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/hubble-maven-mars-annotated-stsci-01j6a1t00q0jdpwn14jyqxyr95.jpg?w=1579\" class=\"attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048\" alt=\"Split image of two panels stacked vertically. In the left corner of the top image is the label Mars Corona, Hubble Space Telescope. This label pertains to both panels. In the top panel, on a black background, an orange and white orb is surrounded by a small, diffuse, grainy, orange halo. The halo appears to have more material on its left side than its right. Under the orb is the label Aphelion: December 31, 2017. In the bottom panel, on a black background, a larger orange and white orb is also surrounded by a diffuse, grainy, orange halo. This halo is wider than the one in the top panel. The halo appears to have more material on its right side than its left. Under the orb is the label Perihelion: December 19, 2016. In both panels, white, polar ice caps and some surface features are visible.\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/hubble-maven-mars-annotated-stsci-01j6a1t00q0jdpwn14jyqxyr95.jpg 1579w, https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/hubble-maven-mars-annotated-stsci-01j6a1t00q0jdpwn14jyqxyr95.jpg?resize=237,300 237w, https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/hubble-maven-mars-annotated-stsci-01j6a1t00q0jdpwn14jyqxyr95.jpg?resize=768,973 768w, https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/hubble-maven-mars-annotated-stsci-01j6a1t00q0jdpwn14jyqxyr95.jpg?resize=808,1024 808w, https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/hubble-maven-mars-annotated-stsci-01j6a1t00q0jdpwn14jyqxyr95.jpg?resize=1213,1536 1213w, https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/hubble-maven-mars-annotated-stsci-01j6a1t00q0jdpwn14jyqxyr95.jpg?resize=316,400 316w, https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/hubble-maven-mars-annotated-stsci-01j6a1t00q0jdpwn14jyqxyr95.jpg?resize=474,600 474w, https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/hubble-maven-mars-annotated-stsci-01j6a1t00q0jdpwn14jyqxyr95.jpg?resize=711,900 711w, https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/hubble-maven-mars-annotated-stsci-01j6a1t00q0jdpwn14jyqxyr95.jpg?resize=947,1200 947w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1579px) 100vw, 1579px\"><\/a><\/figure><figcaption class=\"hds-caption padding-y-2\">\n<div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0\">These are far-ultraviolet Hubble images of Mars near its farthest point from the Sun, called aphelion, on December 31, 2017 (top), and near its closest approach to the Sun, called perihelion, on December 19, 2016 (bottom). The atmosphere is clearly brighter and more extended when Mars is close to the Sun.<br \/>Reflected sunlight from Mars at these wavelengths shows scattering by atmospheric molecules and haze, while the polar ice caps and some surface features are also visible. Hubble and MAVEN showed that Martian atmospheric conditions change very quickly. When Mars is close to the Sun, water molecules rise very rapidly through the atmosphere, breaking apart and releasing atoms at high altitudes.<\/div>\n<div class=\"hds-credits\">NASA, ESA, STScI, John T. Clarke (Boston University); Processing: Joseph DePasquale (STScI)<\/div>\n<\/figcaption><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"nasa-gb-align-center nasa-button-link padding-y-1 padding-x-0 hds-module wp-block-nasa-blocks-related-link\">\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/image-detail\/hubble-maven-mars-annotated-stsci-01j6a1t00q0jdpwn14jyqxyr95\/\" target=\"_self\" class=\"button-primary button-primary-md link-external-true\" aria-label=\"Download this image\" rel=\"noopener\"><br \/>\n\t\t<span class=\"line-height-alt-1\">Download this image<\/span><br \/>\n\t\t<svg viewbox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"button-primary-circle\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n\t<\/a><\/div>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">A Dynamic and Turbulent Martian Atmosphere<\/h3>\n<p>\u201cIn recent years scientists have found that Mars has an annual cycle that is much more dynamic than people expected 10 or 15 years ago,\u201d explained Clarke. \u201cThe whole atmosphere is very turbulent, heating up and cooling down on short timescales, even down to hours. The atmosphere expands and contracts as the brightness of the Sun at Mars varies by 40 percent over the course of a Martian year.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>The team discovered that the escape rates of hydrogen and deuterium change rapidly when Mars is close to the Sun. In the classical picture that scientists previously had, these atoms were thought to slowly diffuse upward through the atmosphere to a height where they could escape.<\/p>\n<p>But that picture no longer accurately reflects the whole story, because now scientists know that atmospheric conditions change very quickly. When Mars is close to the Sun, the water molecules, which are the source of the hydrogen and deuterium, rise through the atmosphere very rapidly releasing atoms at high altitudes.<\/p>\n<p>The second finding is that the changes in hydrogen and deuterium are so rapid that the atomic escape needs added energy to explain them. At the temperature of the upper atmosphere only a small fraction of the atoms have enough speed to escape the gravity of Mars. Faster (super-thermal) atoms are produced when something gives the atom a kick of extra energy. These events include collisions from solar wind protons entering the atmosphere or sunlight that drives chemical reactions in the upper atmosphere.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<\/div><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Mars was once a very wet planet. Scientists know that over the last 3 billion years, some of the water went underground, but what happened to the rest? Credit: NASA\u2019s Goddard Space Flight Center; Lead Producer: Paul Morris; Mars Animations Producer: Dan Gallagher<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Serving as a Proxy<\/h3>\n<p>Studying the history of water on Mars is fundamental not only to understanding planets in our own solar system but also the evolution of Earth-size planets around other stars. Astronomers are finding more and more of these planets, but they\u2019re difficult to study in detail. Mars, Earth and Venus all sit in or near our solar system\u2019s habitable zone, the region around a star where liquid water could pool on a rocky planet; yet all three planets have dramatically different present-day conditions. Along with its sister planets, Mars can help scientists grasp the nature of far-flung worlds across our galaxy.<\/p>\n<p>These <a href=\"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/sciadv.adm7499\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">results<\/a> appear in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.science.org\/toc\/sciadv\/10\/30\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">July 26 edition of Science Advances<\/a>, published by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aaas.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">American Association for the Advancement of Science<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">About the Missions<\/h3>\n<p>The Hubble Space Telescope has been operating for over three decades and continues to make ground-breaking discoveries that shape our fundamental understanding of the universe. Hubble is a project of international cooperation between NASA and ESA (European Space Agency). NASA\u2019s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, manages the telescope and mission operations. Lockheed Martin Space, based in Denver, Colorado, also supports mission operations at Goddard. The Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) in Baltimore, Maryland, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, conducts Hubble science operations for NASA.<\/p>\n<p>MAVEN\u2019s principal investigator is based at the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics (LASP) at the University of Colorado Boulder. LASP is also responsible for managing science operations and public outreach and communications. NASA\u2019s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, manages the MAVEN mission. Lockheed Martin Space built the spacecraft and is responsible for MAVEN mission operations at Goddard. NASA\u2019s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California provides navigation and Deep Space Network support. The MAVEN team is preparing to celebrate the spacecraft\u2019s 10th year at Mars in September 2024.<\/p>\n<div class=\"hds-social-media hds-social-media--horizontal grid-container grid-container-block nasa-gb-align- width-full maxw-full margin-y-0 padding-y-5 padding-x-3 desktop:padding-x-0 font-weight-bold hds-module wp-block-nasa-blocks-social-media-links\">\n<div class=\"display-flex flex-align-center padding-y-1\">\n<div class=\"circle-4 minw-4 display-flex flex-align-center flex-justify-center\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-labelledby=\"facebookIconTitle\"><title>Facebook logo<\/title><path d=\"M9 8h-3v4h3v12h5v-12h3.642l.358-4h-4v-1.667c0-.955.192-1.333 1.115-1.333h2.885v-5h-3.808c-3.596 0-5.192 1.583-5.192 4.615v3.385z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n<div class=\"hds-social-media-items padding-left-2\">\n\t\t\t\t<a target=\"_blank\" class=\"margin-right-2\" href=\"https:\/\/facebook.com\/NASAHubble\" aria-label=\"Go to @NASAHubble on facebook\" rel=\"noopener\">@NASAHubble<\/a>\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"display-flex flex-align-center padding-y-1\">\n<div class=\"circle-4 minw-4 display-flex flex-align-center flex-justify-center\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"1200\" height=\"1227\" viewbox=\"0 0 1200 1227\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M714.163 519.284L1160.89 0H1055.03L667.137 450.887L357.328 0H0L468.492 681.821L0 1226.37H105.866L515.491 750.218L842.672 1226.37H1200L714.137 519.284H714.163ZM569.165 687.828L521.697 619.934L144.011 79.6944H306.615L611.412 515.685L658.88 583.579L1055.08 1150.3H892.476L569.165 687.854V687.828Z\" fill=\"white\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n<div class=\"hds-social-media-items padding-left-2\">\n\t\t\t\t<a target=\"_blank\" class=\"margin-right-2\" href=\"https:\/\/x.com\/NASAHubble\" aria-label=\"Go to @NASAHubble on twitter\" rel=\"noopener\">@NASAHubble<\/a>\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"display-flex flex-align-center padding-y-1\">\n<div class=\"circle-4 minw-4 display-flex flex-align-center flex-justify-center\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg version=\"1.1\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" x=\"0px\" y=\"0px\" width=\"169.063px\" height=\"169.063px\" viewbox=\"0 0 169.063 169.063\" xml:space=\"preserve\" aria-labelledby=\"instagramIconTitle\"><title>Instagram logo<\/title><g> <path d=\"M122.406,0H46.654C20.929,0,0,20.93,0,46.655v75.752c0,25.726,20.929,46.655,46.654,46.655h75.752 c25.727,0,46.656-20.93,46.656-46.655V46.655C169.063,20.93,148.133,0,122.406,0z M154.063,122.407 c0,17.455-14.201,31.655-31.656,31.655H46.654C29.2,154.063,15,139.862,15,122.407V46.655C15,29.201,29.2,15,46.654,15h75.752 c17.455,0,31.656,14.201,31.656,31.655V122.407z\"><\/path> <path d=\"M84.531,40.97c-24.021,0-43.563,19.542-43.563,43.563c0,24.02,19.542,43.561,43.563,43.561s43.563-19.541,43.563-43.561 C128.094,60.512,108.552,40.97,84.531,40.97z M84.531,113.093c-15.749,0-28.563-12.812-28.563-28.561 c0-15.75,12.813-28.563,28.563-28.563s28.563,12.813,28.563,28.563C113.094,100.281,100.28,113.093,84.531,113.093z\"><\/path> <path d=\"M129.921,28.251c-2.89,0-5.729,1.17-7.77,3.22c-2.051,2.04-3.23,4.88-3.23,7.78c0,2.891,1.18,5.73,3.23,7.78 c2.04,2.04,4.88,3.22,7.77,3.22c2.9,0,5.73-1.18,7.78-3.22c2.05-2.05,3.22-4.89,3.22-7.78c0-2.9-1.17-5.74-3.22-7.78 C135.661,29.421,132.821,28.251,129.921,28.251z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n<div class=\"hds-social-media-items padding-left-2\">\n\t\t\t\t<a target=\"_blank\" class=\"margin-right-2\" href=\"https:\/\/instagram.com\/NASAHubble\" aria-label=\"Go to @NASAHubble on instagram\" rel=\"noopener\">@NASAHubble<\/a>\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><strong><span>Media Contacts<\/span>:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Claire Andreoli<\/strong><br \/><strong>NASA\u2019s\u00a0<\/strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/goddard\"><strong>Goddard Space Flight Center<\/strong><\/a>,\u00a0<strong>Greenbelt, MD<\/strong><br \/><a href=\"mailto:claire.andreoli@nasa.gov\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>claire.andreoli@nasa.gov<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Ann Jenkins and Ray Villard<br \/>Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, MD<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><span>Science Contact<\/span>:<br \/>John T. Clarke<br \/>Boston University, Boston, MA<\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"nasa-gb-align-full width-full maxw-full padding-x-3 padding-y-0 article_a hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-credits-and-details\">\n<section class=\"padding-x-0 padding-top-5 padding-bottom-2 desktop:padding-top-7 desktop:padding-bottom-9\">\n<div class=\"grid-row grid-container maxw-widescreen padding-0\">\n<div class=\"grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-2 padding-right-4 margin-bottom-5 desktop:margin-bottom-0\">\n<div class=\"padding-top-3 border-top-1px border-color-carbon-black\">\n<div class=\"margin-bottom-2\">\n<h2 class=\"heading-14\">Share<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"padding-bottom-2\">\n<ul class=\"social-icons social-icons-round\">\n<li class=\"social-icon social-icon-x\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a 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2.5-2.48 2.5s-2.48-1.119-2.48-2.5c0-1.38 1.11-2.5 2.48-2.5s2.48 1.12 2.48 2.5zm.02 4.5h-5v16h5v-16zm7.982 0h-4.968v16h4.969v-8.399c0-4.67 6.029-5.052 6.029 0v8.399h4.988v-10.131c0-7.88-8.922-7.593-11.018-3.714v-2.155z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"social-icon social-icon-rss\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/feed\/\" aria-label=\"Subscribe to RSS feed.\"><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewbox=\"0 0 800 800\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M493 652H392c0-134-111-244-244-244V307c189 0 345 156 345 345zm71 0c0-228-188-416-416-416V132c285 0 520 235 520 520z\"><\/path><circle cx=\"219\" cy=\"581\" r=\"71\"><\/circle><\/svg><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-5 padding-right-4 margin-bottom-5 desktop:margin-bottom-0\">\n<div class=\"padding-top-3 border-top-1px border-color-carbon-black\">\n<div class=\"margin-bottom-2\">\n<h2 class=\"heading-14\">Details<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"grid-row margin-bottom-3\">\n<div class=\"grid-col-4\">\n<div class=\"subheading\">Last Updated<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"grid-col-8\">Sep 05, 2024<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"grid-row margin-bottom-3\">\n<div class=\"grid-col-4\">\n<div class=\"subheading\">Editor<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"grid-col-8\">Andrea Gianopoulos<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"grid-row\">\n<div class=\"grid-col-4\">\n<div class=\"subheading\">Location<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"grid-col-8\"><a class=\"hds-location-tag-name\" href=\"https:\/\/nasa.gov\/goddard\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"hds-meta-heading\">NASA Goddard Space Flight Center<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-5 padding-right-4 margin-bottom-5 desktop:margin-bottom-0\">\n<div class=\"padding-top-3 border-top-1px border-color-carbon-black \">\n<div class=\"margin-bottom-2\">\n<h2 class=\"heading-14\">Related Terms<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<ul class=\"article-tags\">\n<li class=\"article-tag\"><a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/astrophysics\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Astrophysics<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"article-tag\"><a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/astrophysics\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Astrophysics Division<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"article-tag\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/goddard\/\">Goddard Space Flight Center<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"article-tag\"><a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/mission\/hubble\" rel=\"noopener\">Hubble Space Telescope<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"article-tag\"><a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/mars\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Mars<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"article-tag\"><a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/mission\/maven\" rel=\"noopener\">MAVEN (Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN)<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"article-tag\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/nasa-missions\/\">Missions<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"article-tag\"><a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/planetary-science\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Planetary Science<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"article-tag\"><a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/solar-system\/planets\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Planets<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"article-tag\"><a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/about-us\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Science Mission Directorate<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"article-tag\"><a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/solar-system\/\" rel=\"noopener\">The Solar System<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"hds-topic-cards nasa-gb-align-full maxw-full width-full padding-y-6 padding-x-3 color-mode-dark hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-topic-cards\">\n<div class=\"grid-container grid-container-block-lg padding-x-0\">\n<div class=\"grid-row flex-align-center margin-bottom-3\">\n<div class=\"desktop:grid-col-8 margin-bottom-2 desktop:margin-bottom-0\">\n<div class=\"label color-carbon-60 margin-bottom-2\">Keep Exploring<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"heading-36 line-height-sm\">Discover More Topics From Hubble and Maven<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"grid-row grid-gap-2 hds-topic-cards-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/mission\/hubble\/\" class=\"mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0\" rel=\"noopener\"><\/p>\n<div class=\"hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black\">\n<div class=\"skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200\">\n<div>\n<h3 class=\"hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>Hubble Space Telescope<\/span><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg viewbox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"color-nasa-red\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n<p class=\"margin-bottom-0 margin-top-2 color-carbon-20-important\">Since its 1990 launch, the Hubble Space Telescope has changed our fundamental understanding of the universe.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1512\" height=\"1536\" src=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/hubble-space-telescope-hst-6.jpg?w=1512\" class=\"attachment-1536x1536 size-1536x1536\" alt=\"\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/hubble-space-telescope-hst-6.jpg 4031w, https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/hubble-space-telescope-hst-6.jpg?resize=295,300 295w, https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/hubble-space-telescope-hst-6.jpg?resize=768,780 768w, https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/hubble-space-telescope-hst-6.jpg?resize=1008,1024 1008w, https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/hubble-space-telescope-hst-6.jpg?resize=1512,1536 1512w, https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/hubble-space-telescope-hst-6.jpg?resize=2016,2048 2016w, https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/hubble-space-telescope-hst-6.jpg?resize=50,50 50w, https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/hubble-space-telescope-hst-6.jpg?resize=394,400 394w, https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/hubble-space-telescope-hst-6.jpg?resize=591,600 591w, https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/hubble-space-telescope-hst-6.jpg?resize=886,900 886w, https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/hubble-space-telescope-hst-6.jpg?resize=1181,1200 1181w, https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/hubble-space-telescope-hst-6.jpg?resize=1969,2000 1969w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1512px) 100vw, 1512px\"><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p><\/a><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/mission\/hubble\/science\/science-highlights\/\" class=\"mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0\" rel=\"noopener\"><\/p>\n<div class=\"hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black\">\n<div class=\"skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>Hubble Science Highlights<\/span><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg viewbox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"color-nasa-red\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"539\" height=\"565\" src=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Pillars_of_Creation-1.jpeg?w=539\" class=\"attachment-1536x1536 size-1536x1536\" alt=\"\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Pillars_of_Creation-1.jpeg 539w, https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Pillars_of_Creation-1.jpeg?resize=286,300 286w, https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Pillars_of_Creation-1.jpeg?resize=382,400 382w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 539px) 100vw, 539px\"><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p><\/a><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/mission\/maven\/\" class=\"mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0\" rel=\"noopener\"><\/p>\n<div class=\"hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black\">\n<div class=\"skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200\">\n<div>\n<h3 class=\"hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>MAVEN<\/span><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg viewbox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"color-nasa-red\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n<p class=\"margin-bottom-0 margin-top-2 color-carbon-20-important\">The Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) mission is the first mission devoted to understanding the Martian upper atmosphere.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" src=\"https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/PIA18811\/PIA18811~orig.jpg?w=1920&#038;h=1080&#038;fit=clip&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint\" class=\"attachment-1536x1536 size-1536x1536\" alt=\"\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/PIA18811\/PIA18811~orig.jpg?w=1920&#038;h=1080&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1920w, https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/PIA18811\/PIA18811~orig.jpg?w=300&#038;h=169&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 300w, https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/PIA18811\/PIA18811~orig.jpg?w=768&#038;h=432&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 768w, https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/PIA18811\/PIA18811~orig.jpg?w=1024&#038;h=576&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1024w, https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/PIA18811\/PIA18811~orig.jpg?w=1536&#038;h=864&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1536w, https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/PIA18811\/PIA18811~orig.jpg?w=400&#038;h=225&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 400w, https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/PIA18811\/PIA18811~orig.jpg?w=600&#038;h=338&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 600w, https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/PIA18811\/PIA18811~orig.jpg?w=900&#038;h=506&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 900w, https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/PIA18811\/PIA18811~orig.jpg?w=1200&#038;h=675&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\"><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p><\/a><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/mars\/\" class=\"mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0\" rel=\"noopener\"><\/p>\n<div class=\"hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black\">\n<div class=\"skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200\">\n<div>\n<h3 class=\"hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>Mars<\/span><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg viewbox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"color-nasa-red\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n<p class=\"margin-bottom-0 margin-top-2 color-carbon-20-important\">Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun, and the seventh largest. It\u2019s the only planet we know of inhabited\u2026<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1536\" height=\"864\" src=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/272_MarsInSight_poster-jpg.webp?w=1536\" class=\"attachment-1536x1536 size-1536x1536\" alt=\"\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/272_MarsInSight_poster-jpg.webp 1920w, https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/272_MarsInSight_poster-jpg.webp?resize=300,169 300w, https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/272_MarsInSight_poster-jpg.webp?resize=768,432 768w, https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/272_MarsInSight_poster-jpg.webp?resize=1024,576 1024w, https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/272_MarsInSight_poster-jpg.webp?resize=1536,864 1536w, https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/272_MarsInSight_poster-jpg.webp?resize=400,225 400w, https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/272_MarsInSight_poster-jpg.webp?resize=600,338 600w, https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/272_MarsInSight_poster-jpg.webp?resize=900,506 900w, https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/272_MarsInSight_poster-jpg.webp?resize=1200,675 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1536px) 100vw, 1536px\"><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"wpematico_credit\"><small>Powered by <a href=\"http:\/\/www.wpematico.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">WPeMatico<\/a><\/small><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/missions\/hubble\/nasas-hubble-maven-help-solve-the-mystery-of-mars-escaping-water\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Get The Details&#8230;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Mars was once a very wet planet as is evident in its surface geological features. Scientists know that over the last 3 billion years, at least some water went deep underground, but what happened to the rest? Now, NASA\u2019s Hubble Space Telescope and MAVEN (Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution) missions are helping unlock that mystery. 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