{"id":10820,"date":"2024-05-01T18:02:50","date_gmt":"2024-05-01T22:02:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zobi.alcowep.com\/bourtagshdrevxnls658739\/two-small-nasa-satellites-will-measure-soil-moisture-volcanic-gases\/"},"modified":"2024-05-01T18:02:50","modified_gmt":"2024-05-01T22:02:50","slug":"two-small-nasa-satellites-will-measure-soil-moisture-volcanic-gases","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zobi.alcowep.com\/bourtagshdrevxnls658739\/two-small-nasa-satellites-will-measure-soil-moisture-volcanic-gases\/","title":{"rendered":"Two Small NASA Satellites Will Measure Soil Moisture, Volcanic Gases"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\">Two Small NASA Satellites Will Measure Soil Moisture, Volcanic Gases<\/h2>\n<p><!-- no image --><\/p>\n<div class=\" hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-secondary-navigation\">\n<div class=\"hds-secondary-navigation-wrapper z-top width-100 padding-0\">\n<div class=\"hds-secondary-navigation width-full border-bottom-1px text-center hds-color-mode-dark hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-hdsnav\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"hds-secondary-nav-mobile-button display-flex tablet:display-flex desktop:display-none width-full flex-align-center bg-carbon-90 border-color-carbon-80 color-spacesuit-white\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"hds-secondary-nav-track\"><span>Earth (ESD)<\/span><svg width=\"16\" height=\"16\" alt=\"\" enable-background=\"new 0 0 400 400\" viewbox=\"0 0 400 400\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"m4.2 122.2 195.1 195.1 196.5-196.6-37.9-38-157.8 157.8-156.8-156.8z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/button><\/p>\n<div class=\"hds-secondary-nav-track grid-container grid-container-extrawide padding-0 tablet:padding-x-3 desktop:padding-x-2 \">\n<div class=\"hds-secondary-navigation-menu-items\">\n<nav>\n<ul class=\"usa-nav__primary usa-accordion flex-justify-center margin-0\">\n<li class=\"usa-nav__primary-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" 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class=\"usa-nav__submenu\" hidden>\n<li class=\"usa-nav__submenu-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/earth-science\" rel=\"noopener\">For Researchers<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/nav>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"padding-top-5 padding-bottom-3 width-full maxw-full hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-article-intro\">\n<div class=\"width-full maxw-full article-header\">\n<div class=\"margin-bottom-2 width-full maxw-full\">\n<p class=\"label carbon-60 margin-0 margin-bottom-3 padding-0\">4 min read<\/p>\n<h1 class=\"display-48 margin-bottom-2\">Two Small NASA Satellites Will Measure Soil Moisture, Volcanic Gases<\/h1>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"hds-media hds-module wp-block-image\">\n<div class=\"margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-inline\">\n<div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\">\n<figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-cover \"><a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/snoopi-cubsat-image3.jpg\" rel=\"noopener\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1689\" height=\"1391\" src=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/snoopi-cubsat-image3.jpg?w=1689\" class=\"attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048\" alt=\"Two people wearing white lab coats standing beside a small, box-shaped satellite in a laboratory\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/snoopi-cubsat-image3.jpg 1689w, https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/snoopi-cubsat-image3.jpg?resize=300,247 300w, https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/snoopi-cubsat-image3.jpg?resize=768,632 768w, https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/snoopi-cubsat-image3.jpg?resize=1024,843 1024w, https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/snoopi-cubsat-image3.jpg?resize=1536,1265 1536w, https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/snoopi-cubsat-image3.jpg?resize=400,329 400w, https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/snoopi-cubsat-image3.jpg?resize=600,494 600w, https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/snoopi-cubsat-image3.jpg?resize=900,741 900w, https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/snoopi-cubsat-image3.jpg?resize=1200,988 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1689px) 100vw, 1689px\" loading=\"eager\"><\/a><\/figure><figcaption class=\"hds-caption padding-y-2\">\n<div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0\">NASA engineers Austin Tanner (left) and Manuel Vega stand beside SNoOPI, short for Signals of Opportunity P-Band Investigation, at the NanoRacks clean room facility in Houston.<\/div>\n<div class=\"hds-credits\">NASA \/ Denny Henry<\/div>\n<\/figcaption><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Two NASA pathfinding missions were recently deployed into low-Earth orbit, where they are demonstrating novel technologies for observing atmospheric gases, measuring freshwater, and even detecting signs of potential volcanic eruptions.<\/p>\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/esto.nasa.gov\/invest\/snoopi\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Signals of Opportunity P-Band Investigation (SNoOPI)<\/a>, a low-noise radio receiver, tests a new technique for measuring root-zone soil moisture by harnessing radio signals produced by commercial satellites \u2014 a big job for a 6U CubeSat the size of a shoebox.<\/p>\n<p>Separately, the <a href=\"https:\/\/esto.nasa.gov\/invest\/hyti\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Hyperspectral Thermal Imager (HyTI)<\/a> is measuring trace gases linked to volcanic eruptions. HyTI, also a 6U CubeSat, could pave the way for future missions dedicated to detecting volcanic eruptions weeks or months in advance.<\/p>\n<p>Both instruments were launched on March 21 from NASA\u2019S Cape Canaveral Space Force Station to the International Space Station aboard SpaceX\u2019s Dragon cargo spacecraft as part of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/mission\/nasas-spacex-crs-30\/\">the company\u2019s 30<sup>th<\/sup> commercial resupply mission<\/a>. On April 21, the instruments were released into orbit from the station.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u201cFlying Ace\u201d for Finding Freshwater in Soil and Snow<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>As a measurement technique, \u201csignals of opportunity try to reutilize what already exists,\u201d said James Garrison, professor of aeronautics and astronautics at Purdue University and principal investigator for SNoOPI.<\/p>\n<p>Garrison and his team will try to collect the P-band radio signals produced by many commercial telecommunications satellites and repurpose them for science applications. The instrument maximizes the value of space-based assets already in orbit, transforming existing radio signals into research tools.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<\/div><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">SNOOPI will prototype a new technique for measuring soil moisture.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>\u201cBy looking at what happens when satellite signals reflect off the surface of the Earth and comparing that to the signal that has not reflected, we can extract important properties about the surface where the signal reflects,\u201d said Garrison.<\/p>\n<p>P-band radio signals are powerful, penetrating Earth\u2019s surface to a depth of about one foot (30 cm). This makes them ideal for studying root-zone soil moisture and snow water equivalent.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cBy monitoring the amount of water in the soil, we get a good understanding of crop growth. We can also more intelligently monitor irrigation,\u201d said Garrison. \u201cSimilarly, snow is very important because that\u2019s also a place where water is stored. It has been hard to measure accurately on a global scale with remote sensing.\u201d<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>High-time for HyTI and High-Resolution Thermal Imaging<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>\u201cI study volcanoes from space to try and work out when they\u2019re going to start and stop erupting,\u201d said Robert Wright, director of the Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology at the University of Hawai\u02bbi at M\u0101noa and the principal investigator for HyTI.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<\/div><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">HyTI, short for Hyperspectral Thermal Imager, is testing a novel instrument for measuring thermal radiation.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Hyperspectral imagers like HyTI measure a broad spectrum of thermal radiation signatures, and they\u2019re particularly useful for characterizing gases in low concentrations. Wright and his team hope HyTI will help them quantify concentrations of sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere around volcanoes.<\/p>\n<p>Weeks or even months before they erupt, volcanoes often emit increased amounts of sulfur dioxide and other trace gases. Measuring those gases could indicate an impending eruption HyTI\u2019s sensitivity to thermal radiation will also be useful for observing water vapor and convection.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThere are two science objectives for HyTI. We want to try and improve how we can predict when a volcano will erupt and when a volcanic eruption is going to end,\u201d said Wright. \u201cAnd we\u2019re also going to be measuring soil moisture content as it pertains to drought.\u201d<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Setting the Stage for Future Science Missions<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Through its Earth Science Technology Office (ESTO), NASA worked closely with both Garrison and Wright to help transform their research into fully-functioning, space-ready prototypes.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThe ESTO program allows for scientists to have interesting ideas and actually turn them into reality,\u201d said Wright. Garrison agreed. \u201cESTO\u2019s been a great partner.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>For more information about collaborating with NASA to create new technologies for Earth observation, visit ESTO\u2019s homepage <a href=\"http:\/\/esto.nasa.gov\/\" rel=\"noopener\">here<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/technology\/snoopi-a-flying-ace-for-soil-moisture-and-snow-measurements\/\">Related Link: SNoOPI: A Flying Ace for Soil Moisture and Snow Measurements<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>By <\/strong><a href=\"http:\/\/gage.taylor@nasa.gov\/\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Gage Taylor<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>NASA\u2019s Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md.<\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"hds-about-the-author nasa-gb-align-full width-full maxw-full padding-x-3 padding-y-6 hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-about-the-author\">\n<div class=\"grid-row grid-container maxw-widescreen padding-x-0 border-top-1px border-color-carbon-black padding-top-3\">\n<div 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srcset=\"https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/hubble-telescope-jpg.webp 1351w, https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/hubble-telescope-jpg.webp?resize=300,198 300w, https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/hubble-telescope-jpg.webp?resize=768,508 768w, https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/hubble-telescope-jpg.webp?resize=1024,677 1024w, https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/hubble-telescope-jpg.webp?resize=400,264 400w, https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/hubble-telescope-jpg.webp?resize=600,397 600w, https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/hubble-telescope-jpg.webp?resize=900,595 900w, https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/hubble-telescope-jpg.webp?resize=1200,793 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\"><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"padding-right-0 desktop:padding-right-10\">\n<div class=\"subheading margin-bottom-1\">2 min read<\/div>\n<div class=\"margin-bottom-1\">\n<h3 class=\"related-article-title\">NASA\u2019s Hubble Pauses Science Due to Gyro Issue<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"display-flex flex-align-center label related-article-label margin-bottom-1 color-carbon-60\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"display-flex flex-align-center margin-right-2\"><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg version=\"1.1\" class=\"square-2 margin-right-1\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" x=\"0px\" y=\"0px\" width=\"16px\" height=\"16px\" viewbox=\"0 0 16 16\" xml:space=\"preserve\"><g><g><path d=\"M8,0C3.5,0-0.1,3.7,0,8.2C0.1,12.5,3.6,16,8,16c4.4,0,8-3.6,8-8C16,3.5,12.4,0,8,0z M8,15.2 C4,15.2,0.8,12,0.8,8C0.8,4,4,0.8,8,0.8c3.9,0,7.2,3.2,7.2,7.1C15.2,11.9,12,15.2,8,15.2z\"><\/path><path d=\"M5.6,12c0.8-0.8,1.6-1.6,2.4-2.4c0.8,0.8,1.6,1.6,2.4,2.4c0-2.7,0-5.3,0-8C8.8,4,7.2,4,5.6,4 C5.6,6.7,5.6,9.3,5.6,12z\"><\/path><\/g><\/g><\/svg><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>Article<\/span><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"\"><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1 day ago\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n<div class=\"grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-4 margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0 desktop:padding-right-3\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/missions\/xrism\/nasa-jaxas-xrism-mission-captures-unmatched-data-with-just-36-pixels\/\" class=\"color-carbon-black\" rel=\"noopener\"><\/p>\n<div class=\"margin-bottom-2\">\n<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black minh-mobile\">\n<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"241\" src=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/resolve-detector.jpg?w=300\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/resolve-detector.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/resolve-detector.jpg?resize=300,241 300w, https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/resolve-detector.jpg?resize=768,618 768w, https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/resolve-detector.jpg?resize=1024,823 1024w, https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/resolve-detector.jpg?resize=1536,1235 1536w, https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/resolve-detector.jpg?resize=400,322 400w, https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/resolve-detector.jpg?resize=600,483 600w, https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/resolve-detector.jpg?resize=900,724 900w, https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/resolve-detector.jpg?resize=1200,965 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\"><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"padding-right-0 desktop:padding-right-10\">\n<div class=\"subheading margin-bottom-1\">3 min read<\/div>\n<div class=\"margin-bottom-1\">\n<h3 class=\"related-article-title\">NASA\/JAXA\u2019s XRISM Mission Captures Unmatched Data With Just 36 Pixels<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"display-flex flex-align-center label related-article-label margin-bottom-1 color-carbon-60\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"display-flex flex-align-center margin-right-2\"><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg version=\"1.1\" class=\"square-2 margin-right-1\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" x=\"0px\" y=\"0px\" width=\"16px\" height=\"16px\" viewbox=\"0 0 16 16\" xml:space=\"preserve\"><g><g><path d=\"M8,0C3.5,0-0.1,3.7,0,8.2C0.1,12.5,3.6,16,8,16c4.4,0,8-3.6,8-8C16,3.5,12.4,0,8,0z M8,15.2 C4,15.2,0.8,12,0.8,8C0.8,4,4,0.8,8,0.8c3.9,0,7.2,3.2,7.2,7.1C15.2,11.9,12,15.2,8,15.2z\"><\/path><path d=\"M5.6,12c0.8-0.8,1.6-1.6,2.4-2.4c0.8,0.8,1.6,1.6,2.4,2.4c0-2.7,0-5.3,0-8C8.8,4,7.2,4,5.6,4 C5.6,6.7,5.6,9.3,5.6,12z\"><\/path><\/g><\/g><\/svg><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>Article<\/span><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"\"><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1 day ago\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n<div class=\"grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-4 margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0 desktop:padding-right-3\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/missions\/hubble\/hubble-spots-a-magnificent-barred-galaxy\/\" class=\"color-carbon-black\" rel=\"noopener\"><\/p>\n<div class=\"margin-bottom-2\">\n<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black minh-mobile\">\n<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"298\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/hubble-ngc2217-potw2052a.jpg?w=298\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/hubble-ngc2217-potw2052a.jpg 3977w, https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/hubble-ngc2217-potw2052a.jpg?resize=150,150 150w, https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/hubble-ngc2217-potw2052a.jpg?resize=298,300 298w, https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/hubble-ngc2217-potw2052a.jpg?resize=768,774 768w, https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/hubble-ngc2217-potw2052a.jpg?resize=1016,1024 1016w, https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/hubble-ngc2217-potw2052a.jpg?resize=1525,1536 1525w, https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/hubble-ngc2217-potw2052a.jpg?resize=2033,2048 2033w, https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/hubble-ngc2217-potw2052a.jpg?resize=50,50 50w, https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/hubble-ngc2217-potw2052a.jpg?resize=100,100 100w, https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/hubble-ngc2217-potw2052a.jpg?resize=200,200 200w, https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/hubble-ngc2217-potw2052a.jpg?resize=397,400 397w, https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/hubble-ngc2217-potw2052a.jpg?resize=596,600 596w, https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/hubble-ngc2217-potw2052a.jpg?resize=893,900 893w, https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/hubble-ngc2217-potw2052a.jpg?resize=1191,1200 1191w, https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/hubble-ngc2217-potw2052a.jpg?resize=1985,2000 1985w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 298px) 100vw, 298px\"><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"padding-right-0 desktop:padding-right-10\">\n<div class=\"subheading margin-bottom-1\">1 min read<\/div>\n<div class=\"margin-bottom-1\">\n<h3 class=\"related-article-title\">Hubble Spots a Magnificent Barred Galaxy<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"display-flex flex-align-center label related-article-label margin-bottom-1 color-carbon-60\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"display-flex flex-align-center margin-right-2\"><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg version=\"1.1\" class=\"square-2 margin-right-1\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" x=\"0px\" y=\"0px\" width=\"16px\" height=\"16px\" viewbox=\"0 0 16 16\" xml:space=\"preserve\"><g><g><path d=\"M8,0C3.5,0-0.1,3.7,0,8.2C0.1,12.5,3.6,16,8,16c4.4,0,8-3.6,8-8C16,3.5,12.4,0,8,0z M8,15.2 C4,15.2,0.8,12,0.8,8C0.8,4,4,0.8,8,0.8c3.9,0,7.2,3.2,7.2,7.1C15.2,11.9,12,15.2,8,15.2z\"><\/path><path d=\"M5.6,12c0.8-0.8,1.6-1.6,2.4-2.4c0.8,0.8,1.6,1.6,2.4,2.4c0-2.7,0-5.3,0-8C8.8,4,7.2,4,5.6,4 C5.6,6.7,5.6,9.3,5.6,12z\"><\/path><\/g><\/g><\/svg><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>Article<\/span><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"\"><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t5 days ago\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"hds-topic-cards nasa-gb-align-full maxw-full width-full padding-y-6 padding-x-3 color-mode-dark hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-topic-cards\">\n<div class=\"grid-container grid-container-block-lg padding-x-0\">\n<div class=\"grid-row flex-align-center margin-bottom-3\">\n<div class=\"desktop:grid-col-8 margin-bottom-2 desktop:margin-bottom-0\">\n<div class=\"label color-carbon-60 margin-bottom-2\">Keep Exploring<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"heading-36 line-height-sm\">Discover More Topics From NASA<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"grid-row grid-gap-2 hds-topic-cards-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/earth\/\" class=\"mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0\" rel=\"noopener\"><\/p>\n<div class=\"hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black\">\n<div class=\"skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200\">\n<div>\n<h3 class=\"hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>Earth<\/span><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg viewbox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"color-nasa-red\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n<p class=\"margin-bottom-0 margin-top-2 color-carbon-20-important\">Your home. Our Mission. And the one planet that NASA studies more than any other.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" src=\"https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/GSFC_20171208_Archive_e001016\/GSFC_20171208_Archive_e001016~large.jpg?w=1920&#038;h=1080&#038;fit=clip&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint\" class=\"attachment-1536x1536 size-1536x1536\" alt=\"\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/GSFC_20171208_Archive_e001016\/GSFC_20171208_Archive_e001016~large.jpg?w=1920&#038;h=1080&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1920w, https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/GSFC_20171208_Archive_e001016\/GSFC_20171208_Archive_e001016~large.jpg?w=300&#038;h=169&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 300w, https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/GSFC_20171208_Archive_e001016\/GSFC_20171208_Archive_e001016~large.jpg?w=768&#038;h=432&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 768w, https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/GSFC_20171208_Archive_e001016\/GSFC_20171208_Archive_e001016~large.jpg?w=1024&#038;h=576&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1024w, https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/GSFC_20171208_Archive_e001016\/GSFC_20171208_Archive_e001016~large.jpg?w=1536&#038;h=864&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1536w, https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/GSFC_20171208_Archive_e001016\/GSFC_20171208_Archive_e001016~large.jpg?w=400&#038;h=225&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 400w, https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/GSFC_20171208_Archive_e001016\/GSFC_20171208_Archive_e001016~large.jpg?w=600&#038;h=338&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 600w, https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/GSFC_20171208_Archive_e001016\/GSFC_20171208_Archive_e001016~large.jpg?w=900&#038;h=506&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 900w, https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/GSFC_20171208_Archive_e001016\/GSFC_20171208_Archive_e001016~large.jpg?w=1200&#038;h=675&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\"><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p><\/a><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/earth\/explore\/air-quality\/\" class=\"mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0\" rel=\"noopener\"><\/p>\n<div class=\"hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black\">\n<div class=\"skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200\">\n<div>\n<h3 class=\"hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>Air Quality<\/span><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg viewbox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"color-nasa-red\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n<p class=\"margin-bottom-0 margin-top-2 color-carbon-20-important\">Air pollution is a significant threat to human health and our environment. Instruments on NASA satellites, along with airborne and\u2026<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1536\" height=\"765\" src=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/geos.channels.demo-102323-v04.jpg?w=1536\" class=\"attachment-1536x1536 size-1536x1536\" alt=\"\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/geos.channels.demo-102323-v04.jpg 1892w, https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/geos.channels.demo-102323-v04.jpg?resize=300,149 300w, https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/geos.channels.demo-102323-v04.jpg?resize=768,382 768w, https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/geos.channels.demo-102323-v04.jpg?resize=1024,510 1024w, https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/geos.channels.demo-102323-v04.jpg?resize=1536,765 1536w, https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/geos.channels.demo-102323-v04.jpg?resize=400,199 400w, https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/geos.channels.demo-102323-v04.jpg?resize=600,299 600w, https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/geos.channels.demo-102323-v04.jpg?resize=900,448 900w, https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/geos.channels.demo-102323-v04.jpg?resize=1200,597 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1536px) 100vw, 1536px\"><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p><\/a><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/climate-change\/\" class=\"mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0\" rel=\"noopener\"><\/p>\n<div class=\"hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black\">\n<div class=\"skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200\">\n<div>\n<h3 class=\"hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>Climate Change<\/span><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg viewbox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"color-nasa-red\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n<p class=\"margin-bottom-0 margin-top-2 color-carbon-20-important\">NASA is a global leader in studying Earth\u2019s changing climate.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1536\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/icescapepondsample-lrg-jpg.webp?w=1536\" class=\"attachment-1536x1536 size-1536x1536\" alt=\"\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/icescapepondsample-lrg-jpg.webp 4272w, https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/icescapepondsample-lrg-jpg.webp?resize=300,200 300w, https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/icescapepondsample-lrg-jpg.webp?resize=768,512 768w, https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/icescapepondsample-lrg-jpg.webp?resize=1024,683 1024w, https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/icescapepondsample-lrg-jpg.webp?resize=1536,1024 1536w, https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/icescapepondsample-lrg-jpg.webp?resize=2048,1365 2048w, https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/icescapepondsample-lrg-jpg.webp?resize=400,267 400w, https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/icescapepondsample-lrg-jpg.webp?resize=600,400 600w, https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/icescapepondsample-lrg-jpg.webp?resize=900,600 900w, https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/icescapepondsample-lrg-jpg.webp?resize=1200,800 1200w, https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/icescapepondsample-lrg-jpg.webp?resize=2000,1333 2000w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1536px) 100vw, 1536px\"><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p><\/a><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/climate-change\/adaptation-mitigation\/earth-science-in-action\/\" class=\"mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0\" rel=\"noopener\"><\/p>\n<div class=\"hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black\">\n<div class=\"skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>Earth Science in Action<\/span><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg viewbox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"color-nasa-red\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1536\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/banner.webp?w=1536\" class=\"attachment-1536x1536 size-1536x1536\" alt=\"\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/banner.webp 1600w, https:\/\/smd-cms.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/banner.webp?resize=300,113 300w, 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href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/earth\/two-small-nasa-satellites-will-measure-soil-moisture-volcanic-gases\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Get The Details&#8230;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Two NASA pathfinding missions were recently deployed into low-Earth orbit, where they are demonstrating novel technologies for observing atmospheric gases, measuring freshwater, and even detecting signs of potential volcanic eruptions. 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