{"id":10632,"date":"2024-04-09T12:05:51","date_gmt":"2024-04-09T16:05:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zobi.alcowep.com\/bourtagshdrevxnls658739\/from-nasas-first-astronaut-class-to-artemis-ii-the-importance-of-military-jet-pilot-experience\/"},"modified":"2024-04-09T12:05:51","modified_gmt":"2024-04-09T16:05:51","slug":"from-nasas-first-astronaut-class-to-artemis-ii-the-importance-of-military-jet-pilot-experience","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zobi.alcowep.com\/bourtagshdrevxnls658739\/from-nasas-first-astronaut-class-to-artemis-ii-the-importance-of-military-jet-pilot-experience\/","title":{"rendered":"From NASA\u2019s First Astronaut Class to Artemis II: The Importance of Military Jet Pilot Experience"},"content":{"rendered":"

From NASA\u2019s First Astronaut Class to Artemis II: The Importance of Military Jet Pilot Experience<\/h2>\n

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6 min read<\/p>\n

Preparations for Next Moonwalk Simulations Underway (and Underwater)<\/h1>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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\"The<\/figure>
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The original Mercury astronauts at the McDonnell Aircraft Corp. in May 1959. The astronauts are left to right: M. Scott Carpenter, L. Gordon Cooper Jr., John H. Glenn Jr., Virgil I. \u201cGus\u201d Grissom, Walter M. \u201cWally\u201d Schirra, Alan B. Shepard Jr., and Donald K. \u201cDeke\u201d Slayton.<\/div>\n
NASA<\/div>\n<\/figcaption><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

The Mercury 7<\/strong><\/h2>\n

On April 9, 1959, reporters and news media crammed into the ballroom of the Dolley Madison House in Washington\u2014the location of NASA Headquarters at that time\u2014to learn the names of the first American astronauts who came to be known as the Mercury 7. Public Information Director Walter Bonney kicked off the announcement by pointing to the seven men sitting on stage. \u201cThese are our astronaut volunteers,\u201d he announced. \u201cTake your pictures as you will, gentlemen.\u201d One of those men on the dais, Deke Slayton, a test pilot from Edwards Air Force Base, recalled the pandemonium he witnessed. \u201cI\u2019ve never seen anything like it, before or since.\u201d He described the event as, \u201ca frenzy of light bulbs and questions\u2026it was some kind of roar.\u201d His colleague, Wally Schirra, a test pilot from Naval Air Station Patuxent River, called the media\u2019s interest scary because he soon came to realize that their, \u201cprivate lives were in jeopardy.\u201d<\/p>\n

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I’ve never seen anything like it, before or since. <\/span><\/h2>\n<\/p><\/div>\n
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\"Deke<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n
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Deke Slayton<\/p>\n

Former NASA Astronaut<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n

The first class of astronauts were all test pilots: Scott Carpenter<\/a>, Gordon Cooper<\/a>, John Glenn<\/a>, Gus Grissom<\/a>, Wally Schirra<\/a>, Alan Shepard<\/a>, and Deke Slayton<\/a>. The men, as the media reported, had similar backgrounds, education, and skills. Obvious connections also included their age and race: all were white men in their thirties. Every one of them was married, had children, and were Protestants. They even donned similar outfits that day: suits with white shirts and ties.<\/p>\n

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The seven Mercury astronauts pose around a boiler plate capsule. Counterclockwise from the top left they are Walter M. Schirra, John H. Glenn Jr., Donald K. Slayton, Virgil I. Grissom, Alan B. Shepard Jr., M. Scott Carpenter, and Gordon Cooper Jr.<\/div>\n
NASA<\/div>\n<\/figcaption><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Throughout the sixties, NASA considered jet pilot experience an important skill for anyone in the astronaut corps. Even when NASA selected two groups of scientist-astronauts, one in 1965 and another in 1967, they too learned to fly high-speed aircraft. Those without military jet pilot experience attended a year-long course that the Air Force called Undergraduate Pilot Training, and once they completed the program, they became military-qualified jet pilots.<\/p>\n

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\n\t\tWatch the story of the selection and training of the Mercury astronauts on NASA+<\/span>
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Adding Diversity to the Astronaut Corps<\/h2>\n

In the summer of 1976, NASA announced the space agency would be accepting applications for the first class of Space Shuttle astronauts, and encouraged women and minorities to apply.\u00a0Almost 20 years after that first astronaut announcement, NASA included six women and four minority astronaut candidates in the 1978 class. Of the 35 selected, 15 were named pilots and 20 were mission specialists (scientists who would perform experiments in space and spacewalks). All the pilot astronauts named had similar backgrounds to the Mercury 7. Like their predecessors, they were white male test pilots with backgrounds in aviation, engineering, and science with one unique distinction: Frederick D. Gregory<\/a>, an African American research test pilot from the NASA Langley Research Center in Virginia. It was not until 1990 that Eileen Collins<\/a>, a graduate of U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School, became NASA\u2019s first female pilot astronaut. Unlike the earlier scientist-astronauts, the mission specialists selected in 1978 and later classes did not have the opportunity to become military qualified jet pilots. They were required, however, to fly a certain number of hours per month in the back seat of a T-38, a jet trainer the pilot astronauts use to maintain their flight proficiency.<\/p>\n

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The astronaut class of 1978 was NASA\u2019s first new group of astronauts since 1969. This class was notable for many reasons, including having the first African-American and Asian-American astronauts, and the first women.<\/div>\n
NASA<\/div>\n<\/figcaption><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Even as NASA encouraged women and minorities to apply to be astronauts over the years, and more met the basic qualifications as they earned advanced degrees in engineering, medicine, and science, neither group was ever a majority of those selected as candidates. It was more than fifty years before women made up half of those selected in 2013; people of color have never been a majority of any class. Recent astronaut classes are more likely to reflect America\u2019s diverse population, including the last group to be selected in 2021. This group, called the \u201cFlies,\u201d included several minority candidates and four women. <\/strong>(The class, which graduated in March 2024, also included two international astronauts from the United Arab Emirates, and all are now eligible for a flight assignment.) Flight experience continues to remain important, however. Of the ten Americans selected, four were test pilots. Another, Major Nichole Ayers<\/a>, was a combat aviator from the United States Air Force.<\/p>\n

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NASA\u2019s 2021 astronaut class graduated on Mar. 5, 2024. The 10 candidates, pictured here in an event at Ellington Field near NASA\u2019s Johnson Space Center in Houston are Nichole Ayers, Christopher Williams, Luke Delaney, Jessica Wittner, Anil Menon, Marcos Berr\u00edos, Jack Hathaway, Christina Birch, Deniz Burnham, and Andre Douglas. UAE Astronaut Candidates Nora AlMatrooshi and Mohammad AlMulla stand alongside them. <\/div>\n
NASA\/Robert Markowitz<\/div>\n<\/figcaption><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

The Artemis II Crew<\/h2>\n

Almost 64 years to the day after the Mercury 7 announcement, NASA and CSA (Canadian Space Agency) revealed the names of the four astronauts assigned to the Artemis II<\/a> mission. The flight will test and prove that the Orion spacecraft\u2019s systems\u2014including its life support, communication, and navigation systems\u2014function as they were designed while a crew is aboard, ahead of future crewed missions to the Moon.<\/p>\n

As NASA Administrator Bill Nelson introduced the crew, which included a woman, a person of color, and a Canadian national, he identified them as representatives of America\u2019s creed: \u201cE pluribus unum<\/em>\u2014out of many, one.\u201d The four-member team included Commander Reid Wiseman<\/a>, Pilot Victor Glover<\/a>, and Mission Specialists Christina Koch<\/a> and Jeremy Hansen<\/a>. (Half of this crew came from the 2013 astronaut class, which was equally weighted between men and women.) Artemis II will be the first crewed mission to circle the Moon since Apollo. NASA\u2019s Artemis Generation represents a distinct shift from the sixties\u2014when white men from the United States of America landed on the Moon\u2014and hopes to inspire and engage the next generation by demonstrating that space is for everyone, no matter their race or gender. This crew exemplifies the global coalition NASA has built and its commitment to include international partners as well as commercial partners in this grand adventure.<\/p>\n

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NASA astronauts (left to right) Reid Wiseman, Victor Glover, and Christina Koch, and CSA (Canadian Space Agency) astronaut Jeremy Hansen were assigned to fly on the Artemis II mission to the Moon.<\/div>\n
NASA<\/div>\n<\/figcaption><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Like many who came before them, three of the four astronauts assigned to this historic mission are military-qualified jet pilots. Wiseman and Glover were both test pilots; Hansen flew as a fighter pilot for the Canadian Air Force. Test pilots regularly assess how new vehicles perform and have experience evaluating experimental aircraft. Astronauts with backgrounds as test pilots have traditionally been among those selected to fly new spacecraft for the first time. They have a strong understanding of the systems that they are monitoring, which helps them to identify and gather the type of data the space agency is seeking from this flight. The safety of future Artemis crews depends on this information.<\/p>\n

While the Astronaut Office might look different from how it did in 1959, the decision to select test pilots for the first class of astronauts continues to influence and shape ideas about who is best suited to be an astronaut and fly in space. They are accustomed to working in a fast-paced environment and thrive under pressure. Bob Gilruth<\/a>, the father of human spaceflight, called the decision to select test pilots to fly on Project Mercury in 1959, \u201cone of the best decisions in the program. It made it quite simple and logical to delegate flight control and command functions to the pilot,\u201d of the spacecraft. The importance of that decision continues to endure today.<\/p>\n

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